Learning with higher order additional information

Abstract It is becoming more common that the decision-makers in private and public institutions are predictive algorithmic systems, not humans. This article argues that relying on algorithmic systems is procedurally unjust in contexts involving background conditions of structural injustice. Under such nonideal conditions, algorithmic systems, if left to their own devices, cannot meet a necessary condition of procedural justice, because they fail to provide a sufficiently nuanced model of which cases count as relevantly similar. Resolving this problem requires deliberative capacities uniquely available to human agents. After exploring the limitations of existing formal algorithmic fairness strategies, the article argues that procedural justice requires that human agents relying wholly or in part on algorithmic systems proceed with caution: by avoiding doxastic negligence about algorithmic outputs, by exercising deliberative capacities when making similarity judgments, and by suspending belief and gathering additional information in light of higher-order uncertainty.

Download Full-text

EXTRACTING SUB-SURFACE INFORMATION FROM LONG OFFSET P-WAVE DATA—A CHEAPER ALTERNATIVE TO MULTICOMPONENT OBC FOR EXPLORATION?

The APPEA Journal ◽

10.1071/aj01038 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 42 (1) ◽

pp. 627

Author(s):

R.G. Williams ◽

G. Roberts ◽

K. Hawkins

Keyword(s):

Seismic Energy ◽

Higher Order ◽

P Wave ◽

S Wave ◽

Additional Information ◽

Wave Data ◽

Wave Velocities ◽

Avo Inversion ◽

Long Offset ◽

Multicomponent Data

Seismic energy that has been mode converted from pwave to s-wave in the sub-surface may be recorded by multi-component surveys to obtain information about the elastic properties of the earth. Since the energy converted to s-wave is missing from the p-wave an alternative to recording OBC multi-component data is to examine p-wave data for the missing energy. Since pwave velocities are generally faster than s-wave velocities, then for a given reflection point the converted s-wave signal reaches the surface at a shorter offset than the equivalent p-wave information. Thus, it is necessary to record longer offsets for p-wave data than for multicomponent data in order to measure the same information.A non-linear, wide-angle (including post critical) AVO inversion has been developed that allows relative changes in p-wave velocities, s-wave velocities and density to be extracted from long offset p-wave data. To extract amplitudes at long offsets for this inversion it is necessary to image the data correctly, including correcting for higher order moveout and possibly anisotropy if it is present.The higher order moveout may itself be inverted to yield additional information about the anisotropy of the sub-surface.

Download Full-text

QUASI-STATIONARY SOLITONS FOR LANGMUIR WAVES IN PLASMAS WITH FULL NONLINEARITY

Journal of Multiscale Modelling ◽

10.1142/s1756973711000492 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 03 (04) ◽

pp. 217-227 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

SAMI ATIF ◽

ANJAN BISWAS ◽

ESSAID ZERRAD

Keyword(s):

Perturbation Theory ◽

Power Law ◽

Higher Order ◽

Langmuir Waves ◽

Additional Information ◽

Soliton Perturbation ◽

Definition Of ◽

Full Nonlinearity ◽

Schrödinger's Equation ◽

Nonlinear Schrodinger’S Equation

The quasi-stationary solitons for Langmuir waves in plasmas is obtained in this paper. This model is governed by the perturbed nonlinear Schrödinger's equation with cubic and power law nonlinearities. The perturbation terms are considered with full nonlinearity. A new generalized definition of the phase of the soliton is introduced. This leads to additional information at higher order level which soliton perturbation theory fails to capture.

Download Full-text

Potential of Higher-Order Moments and Slopes of the Radar Doppler Spectrum for Retrieving Microphysical and Kinematic Properties of Arctic Ice Clouds

Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology ◽

10.1175/jamc-d-16-0020.1 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 56 (2) ◽

pp. 263-282 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Maximilian Maahn ◽

Ulrich Löhnert

Keyword(s):

Higher Order ◽

Doppler Spectrum ◽

Doppler Velocity ◽

State Variables ◽

Higher Order Moments ◽

Radar Observations ◽

Additional Information ◽

Cloud Radar ◽

Mass Size ◽

Size Relation

AbstractRetrievals of ice-cloud properties from cloud-radar observations are challenging because the retrieval methods are typically underdetermined. Here, the authors investigate whether additional information can be obtained from higher-order moments and the slopes of the radar Doppler spectrum such as skewness and kurtosis as well as the slopes of the Doppler peak. To estimate quantitatively the additional information content, a generalized Bayesian retrieval framework that is based on optimal estimation is developed. Real and synthetic cloud-radar observations of the Indirect and Semi-Direct Aerosol Campaign (ISDAC) dataset obtained around Barrow, Alaska, are used in this study. The state vector consists of the microphysical (particle-size distribution, mass–size relation, and cross section–area relation) and kinematic (vertical wind and turbulence) quantities required to forward model the moments and slopes of the radar Doppler spectrum. It is found that, for a single radar frequency, more information can be retrieved when including higher-order moments and slopes than when using only reflectivity and mean Doppler velocity but two radar frequencies. When using all moments and slopes with two or even three frequencies, the uncertainties of all state variables, including the mass–size relation, can be considerably reduced with respect to the prior knowledge.

Download Full-text

The Precipitation Imaging Package: Assessment of Microphysical and Bulk Characteristics of Snow

Atmosphere ◽

10.3390/atmos11080785 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 785 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Claire Pettersen ◽

Larry F. Bliven ◽

Annakaisa von Lerber ◽

Norman B. Wood ◽

Mark S. Kulie ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Field Measurements ◽

Higher Order ◽

Size Distributions ◽

Particle Size Distributions ◽

Liquid Ratio ◽

Bulk Properties ◽

Additional Information ◽

Precipitation Characteristics ◽

Global Impacts ◽

Snow Mass

Remote-sensing observations are needed to estimate the regional and global impacts of snow. However, to retrieve accurate estimates of snow mass and rate, these observations require augmentation through additional information and assumptions about hydrometeor properties. The Precipitation Imaging Package (PIP) provides information about precipitation characteristics and can be utilized to improve estimates of snowfall rate and accumulation. Here, the goal is to demonstrate the quality and utility of two higher-order PIP-derived products: liquid water equivalent snow rate and an approximation of volume-weighted density called equivalent density. Accuracy of the PIP snow rate and equivalent density is obtained through intercomparison with established retrieval methods and through evaluation with colocated ground-based observations. The results confirm the ability of the PIP-derived products to quantify properties of snow rate and equivalent density, and demonstrate that the PIP produces physically realistic snow characteristics. When compared to the National Weather Service (NWS) snow field measurements of six-hourly accumulation, the PIP-derived accumulations were biased only +2.48% higher. Additionally, this work illustrates fundamentally different microphysical and bulk features of low and high snow-to-liquid ratio events, through assessment of observed particle size distributions, retrieved mass coefficients, and bulk properties. Importantly, this research establishes the role that PIP observations and higher-order products can serve for constraining microphysical assumptions in ground-based and spaceborne remotely sensed snowfall retrievals.

Download Full-text

Evaluation of paintings: Effects of lectures

Psihologija ◽

10.2298/psi1404415s ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 47 (4) ◽

pp. 415-432 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Ivan Stojilovic ◽

Slobodan Markovic

Keyword(s):

Art History ◽

Aesthetic Experience ◽

Higher Order ◽

Abstract Art ◽

Renaissance Art ◽

First Order ◽

Additional Information ◽

Related Information ◽

Experience Factor

This study investigated the influence of lectures about the Renaissance and abstract art on ratings of paintings from these two periods in art history. The study included two sessions. In the first, 72 naive participants rated the representational and abstract paintings. In the second session participants were divided into three groups: one received a lecture on Renaissance art, one attended a lecture on abstract art, and one group attended no lecture. Afterwards, the three groups rated a new, parallel set of paintings. Three first-order factors were extracted: Aesthetic experience, Relaxation tone, and Arousal. However, the higher order General Aesthetic Experience factor explained a much higher amount of variance than the first-order factors, indicating its strong and generalized influence on na?ve participants? experience with artworks. After the lecture on abstract art the participants rated paintings, especially abstract, as more aesthetically pleasing than the participants who attended the lecture on Renaissance art or the group without a lecture. Proposed explanation for this is that the na?ve observers` ratings of abstract paintings are more susceptible to the influence of style-related information. When rating abstract artwork na?ve observers may be significantly influenced by additional information gathered outside of the artwork.

Download Full-text

Brain Function Network: Higher Order vs. More Discrimination

Frontiers in Neuroscience ◽

10.3389/fnins.2021.696639 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 ◽

Author(s):

Tingting Guo ◽

Yining Zhang ◽

Yanfang Xue ◽

Lishan Qiao ◽

Dinggang Shen

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Order Statistics ◽

Brain Regions ◽

Higher Order ◽

Binary Matrix ◽

Discriminative Ability ◽

Second Order Statistics ◽

Additional Information ◽

Mental Diseases ◽

High Order Statistics

Brain functional network (BFN) has become an increasingly important tool to explore individual differences and identify neurological/mental diseases. For estimating a “good” BFN (with more discriminative information for example), researchers have developed various methods, in which the most popular and simplest is Pearson's correlation (PC). Despite its empirical effectiveness, PC only encodes the low-order (second-order) statistics between brain regions. To model high-order statistics, researchers recently proposed to estimate BFN by conducting two sequential PCs (denoted as PC2 in this paper), and found that PC2-based BFN can provide additional information for group difference analysis. This inspires us to think about (1) what will happen if continuing the correlation operation to construct much higher-order BFN by PCn (n>2), and (2) whether the higher-order correlation will result in stronger discriminative ability. To answer these questions, we use PCn-based BFNs to predict individual differences (Female vs. Male) as well as identify subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) from healthy controls (HCs). Through experiments, we have the following findings: (1) with the increase of n, the discriminative ability of PCn-based BFNs tends to decrease; (2) fusing the PCn-based BFNs (n>1) with the PC1-based BFN can generally improve the sensitivity for MCI identification, but fail to help the classification accuracy. In addition, we empirically find that the sequence of BFN adjacency matrices estimated by PCn (n = 1,2,3,⋯ ) will converge to a binary matrix with elements of ± 1.

Download Full-text

Coordinated multivoxel coding beyond univariate effects is not likely to be observable in fMRI data

10.1101/2021.06.13.448229 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mansooreh Pakravan ◽

Ali Ghazizadeh

Keyword(s):

Order Statistics ◽

Brain Regions ◽

Simultaneous Recording ◽

Higher Order ◽

Higher Order Statistics ◽

Distributed Coding ◽

Additional Information ◽

Neuronal Populations ◽

Increased Sensitivity ◽

Multivariate Responses

Simultaneous recording of activity across brain regions can contain additional information compared to regional recordings done in isolation. In particular, multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) across voxels has been interpreted as evidence for distributed coding of cognitive or sensorimotor processes beyond what can be gleaned from a collection of univariate responses (UVR) using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Here, we argue that regardless of patterns revealed, conventional MVPA is merely a decoding tool with increased sensitivity arising from considering a large number of 'weak classifiers' (i.e. single voxels) in higher dimensions. We propose instead that 'real' multivoxel coding should result in changes in higher-order statistics across voxels between conditions such as second-order multivariate responses (sMVR). Surprisingly, analysis of conditions with robust multivariate responses (MVR) revealed by MVPA failed to show significant sMVR in two species (humans and macaques). Further analysis showed that while both MVR and sMVR can be readily observed in the spiking activity of neuronal populations, the slow and nonlinear hemodynamic coupling and low spatial resolution of fMRI activations make the observation of higher-order statistics between voxels highly unlikely. These results reveal inherent limitations of fMRI signals for studying coordinated coding across voxels. Together, these findings suggest that care should be taken in interpreting significant MVPA results as representing anything beyond a collection of univariate effects.

Download Full-text

Dual systems for all: Higher-order, role-based relational reasoning as a uniquely derived feature of human cognition

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x19000451 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 42 ◽

Author(s):

Daniel J. Povinelli ◽

Gabrielle C. Glorioso ◽

Shannon L. Kuznar ◽

Mateja Pavlic

Keyword(s):

Temporal Reasoning ◽

Higher Order ◽

Important Case ◽

Human Cognition ◽

Relational Reasoning ◽

Dual Systems ◽

First Order ◽

Reasoning System ◽

Role Based

Abstract Hoerl and McCormack demonstrate that although animals possess a sophisticated temporal updating system, there is no evidence that they also possess a temporal reasoning system. This important case study is directly related to the broader claim that although animals are manifestly capable of first-order (perceptually-based) relational reasoning, they lack the capacity for higher-order, role-based relational reasoning. We argue this distinction applies to all domains of cognition.

Download Full-text

Production of New and Revised A.A.V.S.O. Charts

International Astronomical Union Colloquium ◽

10.1017/s0252921100073620 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 46 ◽

pp. 368

Author(s):

Clinton B. Ford

Keyword(s):

Variable Star ◽

Standard Form ◽

Original Data ◽

University Of Pennsylvania ◽

Standard Format ◽

Additional Information ◽

The Gift ◽

The University

A “new charts program” for the Americal Association of Variable Star Observers was instigated in 1966 via the gift to the Association of the complete variable star observing records, charts, photographs, etc. of the late Prof. Charles P. Olivier of the University of Pennsylvania (USA). Adequate material covering about 60 variables, not previously charted by the AAVSO, was included in this original data, and was suitably charted in reproducible standard format.Since 1966, much additional information has been assembled from other sources, three Catalogs have been issued which list the new or revised charts produced, and which specify how copies of same may be obtained. The latest such Catalog is dated June 1978, and lists 670 different charts covering a total of 611 variables none of which was charted in reproducible standard form previous to 1966.

Download Full-text