Dynamic Uses of Memory in Visual Search Over Time and Space

2006 ◽  
pp. 59-77
Author(s):  
Glyn W. Humphreys ◽  
Jason Braithwaite ◽  
Chris N. L. Olivers ◽  
Derrick G. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Over Time

scholarly journals Temporal Binding and Segmentation in Visual Search: A Computational Neuroscience Analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (10) ◽  
pp. 1553-1567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eirini Mavritsaki ◽  
Glyn Humphreys
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Brain Lesion ◽  
Search Display ◽  
Temporal Coding ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Temporal Binding ◽  
Psychological Review ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Attentional Inhibition ◽  
Over Time

Human visual search operates not only over space but also over time, as old items remain in the visual field and new items appear. Preview search (where one set of distractors appears before the onset of a second set) has been used as a paradigm to study search over time and space [Watson, D. G., & Humphreys, G. W. Visual marking: Prioritizing selection for new objects by top–down attentional inhibition of old objects. Psychological Review, 104, 90–122, 1997], with participants showing efficient search when old distractors can be ignored and new targets prioritized. The benefits of preview search are lost, however, if a temporal gap is introduced between a first presentation of the old items and the re-presentation of all the items in the search display [Kunar, M. A., Humphreys, G. W., & Smith, K. J. History matters: The preview benefit in search is not onset capture. Psychological Science, 14, 181–185, 2003a], consistent with the old items being bound by temporal onset to the new stimuli. This effect of temporal binding can be eliminated if the old items reappear briefly before the new items, indicating also a role for the memory of the old items. Here we simulate these effects of temporal coding in search using the spiking search over time and space model [Mavritsaki, E., Heinke, D., Allen, H., Deco, G., & Humphreys, G. W. Bridging the gap between physiology and behavior: Evidence from the sSoTS model of human visual attention. Psychological Review, 118, 3–41, 2011]. We show that a form of temporal binding by new onsets has to be introduced to the model to simulate the effects of a temporal gap, but that effects of the memory of the old item can stem from continued neural suppression across a temporal gap. We also show that the model can capture the effects of brain lesion on preview search under the different temporal conditions. The study provides a proof-of-principle analysis that neural suppression and temporal binding can be sufficient to account for human search over time and space.

Language Change and Movement as Seen by Historical Linguistics

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek Nurse
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Language Change ◽  
Historical Linguistics ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Comparative Linguistics ◽  
Language Boundaries ◽  
Over Time

The focus of this chapter is on how languages move and change over time and space. The perceptions of historical linguists have been shaped by what they were observing. During the flowering of comparative linguistics, from the late 19th into the 20th century, the dominant view was that in earlier times when people moved, their languages moved with them, often over long distances, sometimes fast, and that language change was largely internal. That changed in the second half of the 20th century. We now recognize that in recent centuries and millennia, most movements of communities and individuals have been local and shorter. Constant contact between communities resulted in features flowing across language boundaries, especially in crowded and long-settled locations such as most of Central and West Africa. Although communities did mix and people did cross borders, it became clear that language and linguistic features could also move without communities moving.

scholarly journals Revealing the spatial shifting pattern of COVID-19 pandemic in the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Di Zhu ◽  
Xinyue Ye ◽  
Steven Manson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Network Optimization ◽  
Network Modeling ◽  
The United States ◽  
Standard Series ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Long Range Interactions ◽  
Dynamic Relationships ◽  
Over Time

AbstractWe describe the use of network modeling to capture the shifting spatiotemporal nature of the COVID-19 pandemic. The most common approach to tracking COVID-19 cases over time and space is to examine a series of maps that provide snapshots of the pandemic. A series of snapshots can convey the spatial nature of cases but often rely on subjective interpretation to assess how the pandemic is shifting in severity through time and space. We present a novel application of network optimization to a standard series of snapshots to better reveal how the spatial centres of the pandemic shifted spatially over time in the mainland United States under a mix of interventions. We find a global spatial shifting pattern with stable pandemic centres and both local and long-range interactions. Metrics derived from the daily nature of spatial shifts are introduced to help evaluate the pandemic situation at regional scales. We also highlight the value of reviewing pandemics through local spatial shifts to uncover dynamic relationships among and within regions, such as spillover and concentration among states. This new way of examining the COVID-19 pandemic in terms of network-based spatial shifts offers new story lines in understanding how the pandemic spread in geography.

Dental evidence for variation in diet over time and space in the Arctic fox, Vulpes lagopus

Polar Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter S. Ungar ◽  
Blaire Van Valkenburgh ◽  
Alexandria S. Peterson ◽  
Aleksandr A. Sokolov ◽  
Natalia A. Sokolova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Arctic ◽  
Arctic Fox ◽  
Vulpes Lagopus ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Dental Evidence ◽  
Over Time

Increased utilization of blastocyst frozen embryo transfers over time and space: a sartcors study

2017 ◽  
Vol 108 (3) ◽  
pp. e171-e172
Author(s):  
E.C. Holden ◽  
B.N. Kashani ◽  
S. Morelli ◽  
D. Alderson ◽  
S.K. Jindal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time And Space ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Frozen Embryo Transfers

scholarly journals Stable individual differences in strategies within, but not between, visual search tasks

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alasdair D F Clarke ◽  
Jessica Irons ◽  
Warren James ◽  
Andrew B. Leber ◽  
Amelia R. Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Visual Search ◽  
Search Task ◽  
The Other ◽  
Search Performance ◽  
Search Tasks ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
Test Retest Reliability ◽  
Over Time

A striking range of individual differences has recently been reported in three different visual search tasks. These differences in performance can be attributed to strategy, that is, the efficiency with which participants control their search to complete the task quickly and accurately. Here we ask if an individual's strategy and performance in one search task is correlated with how they perform in the other two. We tested 64 observers in the three tasks mentioned above over two sessions. Even though the test-retest reliability of the tasks is high, an observer's performance and strategy in one task did not reliably predict their behaviour in the other two. These results suggest search strategies are stable over time, but context-specific. To understand visual search we therefore need to account not only for differences between individuals, but also how individuals interact with the search task and context. These context-specific but stable individual differences in strategy can account for a substantial proportion of variability in search performance.

scholarly journals STRATEGI KOLABORASI DALAM SENI PERTUNJUKAN TRADISIONAL DI KABUPATEN SUBANG

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 294
Author(s):  
Irvan Setiawan
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Method ◽  
Performing Arts ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
The People ◽  
Traditional Arts ◽  
Performing Art ◽  
Over Time

Abstrak Kesenian tradisional memegang peranan dalam pencirian dan menjadi kekhasan suatu daerah. Bagi wilayah administratif yang menjadi cikal bakal suatu kesenian daerah tentu saja tidak sulit untuk menyebut istilah kesenian khas dan menjadi milik daerah tersebut. Lain halnya dengan wilayah administratif yang tidak memiliki kesenian daerah sehingga akan berusaha menciptakan sebuah kesenian untuk dijadikan sebagai kesenian khas bagi daerahnya. Beruntunglah bagi Kabupaten Subang yang menjadi cikal bakal beberapa kesenian yang terlahir dan besar di daerahnya. Tidak hanya sampai disitu, Pelestarian dan pengembangan kesenian tradisional tampak serius dilakukan. Hal tersebut terlihat dari papan nama berbagai kesenian (tradisional) di beberapa ruas jalan dalam wilayah Kabupaten Subang. Seiring berjalannya waktu tampak jelas terlihat adanya perubahan dalam pernak pernik atau tahapan pertunjukan pada beberapa seni pertunjukan tradisional. Kondisi tersebut pada akhirnya mengundang keingintahuan mengenai strategi kolaborasi apa yang membuat seni pertunjukan tradisional masih tetap diminati masyarakat Subang. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif analisis yang didukung dengan data lintas waktu baik dari sumber sekunder maupun dari pernyataan informan mengenai seni pertunjukan tradisional di Kabupaten Subang. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa kolaborasi yang dilakukan meliputi kolaborasi lintas waktu dan lintas ruang yang masih dibatasi oleh seperangkat aturan agar kolaborasi tidak melenceng dari identitas ketradisionalannya.AbstractTraditional arts play a role in the characterization of a region. The Regency of Subang became the pioneer for inventing and creating some traditional arts. They were born and grew in the area, and their preservation and development are seriously taken into consideration. It is evident that some changes occurred over time, for example in the accessories or phase of performances at several traditional performing arts. ThisNaskah Diterima: 28 Februari 2013Naskah Disetujui: 2 April 2013condition makes the author curious about the strategy of collaboration that makes the people of Subang interested in traditional performing art. The author conducted descriptive analytical method supported by cross-time data either from primary or secondary sources. The result shows that the strategy of collaboration across time and space in traditional performing

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