This paper (SPE 51969) was revised for publication from paper SPE 37975, first presented at the 1997 SPE Reservoir Simulation Symposium, Dallas, 8-11 June. Original manuscript received for review 30 June 1997. Revised manuscript received 30 March 1998. Paper peer approved 6 July 1998.
Summary
We describe a new production model, Falcon, that has achieved speeds on parallel computers that are 100 times faster on real world problems than current production models on a vector computer. Falcon has been used to conduct the largest, geostatistical reservoir study ever conducted within Amoco. In this paper we discuss the following: Falcon's data parallel paradigm with FORTRAN 90 and high performance FORTRAN (HPF); its single program, multiple data (SPMD) paradigm with message passing; efficient memory management that enables simulation of enormous studies; a numerical formulation that reconciles the generalized compositional approach (based on component masses and pressure) with earlier approaches (based on pressures and saturations), in a more general and more efficient approach. We also discuss Falcon's scalability up to 512 processor nodes and performance (timings and memory) achieved on a number of parallel platforms, including Cray Research's T3D and T3E, SGI's Power Challenge and Origin 2000, Thinking Machines' CM5, and IBM's SP2. Falcon also runs on single processor computers such as PC's and IBM's RS6000. We discuss a new parallel linear solver technology based on a fully parallel scalable implementation of incomplete lower-upper (ILU) preconditioning coupled with a GMRES or Orthomin iteration process. This naturally ordered global ILU preconditioner is scalable to hundreds of processors, efficiently solving the matrix problems arising from large scale simulations.
The use of the techniques described in this paper has enabled us to run problem sizes of up to 16.5 million gridblocks. Falcon was used to simulate fifty geostatistically derived realizations of a large, black oil waterflood system. The realizations, each with 2.3 million cells and 1,039 wells, took an average of 4.2 hours to execute on a 128-node CM5 computer, thus enabling the simulation study to finish in less than a month. In this field study, we bypassed upscaling through the use of fine vertical resolution gridding.
Our focus has been on the applicability of Falcon to real world problems. Falcon can be used for modeling both small and very large reservoirs, including reservoirs characterized by geostatistics. It can be used to simulate black oil, gas/water, and dry gas reservoirs. And, a fully compositional feature is being developed.
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