Extracellular Functions for an Intracellular Protein: GRP94/GP96 Interactions with the Mammalian Immune System

2007 ◽  
pp. 147-158
Author(s):  
Deanna Carrick Crossman ◽  
Christopher V. Nicchitta
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Intracellular Protein ◽  
Mammalian Immune System

Cyclic Dinucleotides in the Scope of the Mammalian Immune System

2016 ◽  
pp. 269-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arun K. Mankan ◽  
Martina Müller ◽  
Gregor Witte ◽  
Veit Hornung
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Cyclic Dinucleotides ◽  
Mammalian Immune System

Roles of Secreted Phospholipases A2 in the Mammalian Immune System

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 1201-1208
Author(s):  
Igor Krizaj
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Acute Inflammation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Phospholipases A2 ◽  
Protective Reaction ◽  
Severe Pathology ◽  
Mammalian Immune System

Secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) molecules constitute a family of proteins that are involved functionally in many biological processes. In particular, they participate in diverse pathophysiological settings as enzymes that release free fatty acids and lysophospholipids from phospholipids in biological membranes, or as ligands for various cellular receptors. In this review the confirmed or expected functions of sPLA2s in the mammalian immune system are surveyed. Some of the twelve mammalian sPLA2 molecules constitute part of the so-called innate immune system by virtue of their antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal activities. They are also involved in acute inflammation, a protective reaction of the body to infection or injury. The acute inflammation sometimes escapes regulation, becomes chronic and can evolve into a severe pathology. One or more types of sPLA2 are involved in asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, sepsis, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis and cancer. sPLA2s are thus important therapeutic targets as well as biotherapeutic molecules. Improving the selectivity of inhibitors of sPLA2s to be able to target a particular sPLA2 could therefore be one of the most important tasks for future research.

scholarly journals The endocytic pathways of Dictyostelium discoideum

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (8-9-10) ◽  
pp. 461-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
James H. Vines ◽  
Jason S. King
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Maturation Process ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Social Amoeba ◽  
The Social ◽  
Evolutionary Context ◽  
The Many ◽  
Membrane Components ◽  
Mammalian Immune System ◽  
Endocytic Pathways

The formation and processing of vesicles from the cell surface serves many important cellular functions ranging from nutrient acquisition to regulating the turnover of membrane components and signalling. In this article, we summarise the endocytic pathways of the social amoeba Dictyostelium from the clathrin-dependent and independent internalisation of surface components to the engulfment of bacteria or fluid by phagocytosis and macropinocytosis respectively. Due to similarities with the professional phagocytes of the mammalian immune system Dictyostelium has been extensively used to investigate the complex remodelling and trafficking events that occur as phagosomes and macropinosomes transit through the cell. Here we discuss what is known about this maturation process in order to kill any potential pathogens and obtain nutrients for growth. Finally, we aim to put these studies in evolutionary context and highlight some of the many questions that remain in our understanding of these complex and important pathways.

scholarly journals Microbial Tuning of the Mammalian Immune System

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 379-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric G. Pamer
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Mammalian Immune System

scholarly journals Immune System of Fish: An Evolutionary Perspective

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sujata Sahoo ◽  
Husne Banu ◽  
Abhinav Prakash ◽  
Gayatri Tripathi
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Evolutionary Perspective ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Molecular Pattern ◽  
Heterogenous Group ◽  
Early Embryonic Stage ◽  
Mammalian Immune System

Fishes are the most successful and diverse group of vertebrate animals, first appeared during Devonian period. Despite of certain differences, the immune system of fish is physiologically similar to that of higher vertebrates. The heterogenous group of fishes are the apparent link between innate immunity and the first appearance of the adaptive immune response. Importantly, fishes have immune organs homologous to that of mammalian immune system. In comparison to higher vertebrates, fishes live free in their environment from the early embryonic stage and during that time mostly they are dependent on non-specific immune system for their survival. In the fishes, non-specific immunity is the fundamental defense mechanism, therewith acquired immunity also plays key role in maintaining homeostasis by activation though a system of receptors proteins, which identify pathogen associated molecular pattern typical of pathogenic microorganism includes lipopolysaccharides, peptidoglycans, DNA, RNA and other molecules that are typically not present on the surface of multicellular organism. There are several external factors like environmental factors, biological factors, stress and internal factors like genetic makeup, age and sex, maternal effect etc. can affect immunological defense capabilities of the fishes.

scholarly journals Interferon to PEG-Interferon: A Review

1970 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA Ahad ◽  
MA Alim ◽  
ARM Saifuddin Ekram
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
Interferon Alpha ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Pegylated Interferon ◽  
Therapeutic Benefits ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Recombinant Technology ◽  
Mammalian Immune System

The interferons (IFNs) are group of naturally occurring cytokines that are secreted by cells of mammalian immune system when they are stimulated by viral, bacterial and other antigens. There are number of alpha IFNs available for treatment purposes. The two most commonly used α-2a and α-2b are made by recombinant technology. When interferon Alpha-2a is combined with polyethylene glycol (PEG), it is known as pegylated interferon or PEG interferon. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a safe, inert and nontoxic molecule. Therapeutic benefits of altering proteins with PEG include an improvement in half-life due to reduced renal and cellular clearance, enhanced protection from proteolysis and a reduction in toxicity.   doi: 10.3329/taj.v17i2.3460   TAJ 2004; 17(2): 113-116

scholarly journals ImmGen report: sexual dimorphism in the immune system transcriptome

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shani Talia Gal-Oz ◽  
Barbara Maier ◽  
Hideyuki Yoshida ◽  
Kumba Seddu ◽  
Nitzan Elbaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Pathogen Invasion ◽  
Immune Pathways ◽  
Genomic Regions ◽  
Mammalian Immune System

Abstract Sexual dimorphism in the mammalian immune system is manifested as more frequent and severe infectious diseases in males and, on the other hand, higher rates of autoimmune disease in females, yet insights underlying those differences are still lacking. Here we characterize sex differences in the immune system by RNA and ATAC sequence profiling of untreated and interferon-induced immune cell types in male and female mice. We detect very few differentially expressed genes between male and female immune cells except in macrophages from three different tissues. Accordingly, very few genomic regions display differences in accessibility between sexes. Transcriptional sexual dimorphism in macrophages is mediated by genes of innate immune pathways, and increases after interferon stimulation. Thus, the stronger immune response of females may be due to more activated innate immune pathways prior to pathogen invasion.

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