The Chemical and Immune Mediators of the Inflammatory Response

1977 ◽  
pp. 105-144
Author(s):  
Allen P. Kaplan
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Immune Mediators

scholarly journals Immune Mediator Profile in Aqueous Humor Differs in Patients with Primary Acquired Ocular Toxoplasmosis and Recurrent Acute Ocular Toxoplasmosis

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Thieme ◽  
Stephan Schlickeiser ◽  
Sylvia Metzner ◽  
Claudia Dames ◽  
Uwe Pleyer
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Aqueous Humor ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Multiplex Assay ◽  
Ocular Toxoplasmosis ◽  
Immune Mediator ◽  
Gm Csf ◽  
Immune Mediators ◽  
First Time ◽  
Type Response

Purpose. To compare the intraocular cytokine and chemokine profiles in patients with acute primary acquired ocular toxoplasmosis (pOT) or recurrent ocular toxoplasmosis (rOT) and to correlate them with their clinical characteristics.Methods. Aqueous humor samples were collected from 62 consecutive patients (21 pOT, 30 rOT, and 11 noninfected controls) and analyzed by multiplex assay. Correlations were assessed between cytokine/chemokine levels, type of inflammatory response (Th1, Th2, and Th17), and clinical characteristics. In all OT patients, the clinical diagnosis of either pOT or rOT was confirmed by positive intraocular Goldmann/Witmer-Desmonts coefficient. Correlations were assessed between a preselected panel of immune mediators and the clinical characteristics of OT.Results. In pOT patients, increased levels of IL-2, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-15, IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-13, IL-17, IL-1Rα, IL-6, IL-1β, and chemokines MIP-1α, MIP-1β, IP-10, Eotaxin, IL-8, RANTES, PDGF-bb, GM-CSF, G-CSF, and MCP-1 were found in comparison to those in controls (p<0.05). Patients with rOT showed elevated levels of IL-2, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-15, IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-17, IL-1Rα, IL-6, IL-1β, and chemokines MIP-1α, IP-10, Eotaxin, IL-8, RANTES, PDGF-bb, G-CSF, and MCP-1 compared to controls (p<0.05). In addition, IL-7 (p=0.028) differed between pOT and rOT; IL-9 (p=0.054) and IL-13 (p=0.051) showed a tendency of higher concentration in pOT than in rOT. A negative correlation was found between IL-7 (p=0.017) as well as IL-9 (p=0.008) and the number of recurrences. Cytokine ratios showed no difference between pOT and rOT, indicating a dominant Th1-type response in both infectious groups. Moreover, a positive correlation was detected between IL-7, VEGF, IL-13 and age at aqueous humor sampling (p<0.05).Conclusions. This study for the first time shows subtle differences between the intraocular cytokine profiles in patients with either acute pOT or rOT.

scholarly journals Alcohol and Smoking Mediated Modulations in Adaptive Immunity in Pancreatitis

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1880
Author(s):  
Rakesh Bhatia ◽  
Christopher Thompson ◽  
Koelina Ganguly ◽  
Shailender Singh ◽  
Surinder K. Batra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Pancreatic Tissue ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Immune Mediators ◽  
Severity Of The Disease

Pancreatitis is a condition of pancreatic inflammation driven by injury to the pancreatic parenchyma. The extent of acinar insult, intensity, and type of immune response determines the severity of the disease. Smoking, alcohol and autoimmune pancreatitis are some of the predominant risk factors that increase the risk of pancreatitis by differentially influencing the adaptive immune system. The overall decrease in peripheral lymphocyte (T-, B- and (natural killer T-) NKT-cell) count and increased infiltration into the damaged pancreatic tissue highlight the contribution of adaptive immunity in the disease pathology. Smoking and alcohol modulate the responsiveness and apoptosis of T- and B-cells during pancreatic insult. Acute pancreatitis worsens with smoking and alcohol, leading to the development of systemic inflammatory response syndrome and compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome, suggesting the critical role of adaptive immunity in fatal outcomes such as multiple organ dysfunction. The presence of CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes and perforin-expressing cells in the fibrotic tissue in chronic pancreatitis modulate the severity of the disease. Due to their important role in altering the severity of the disease, attempts to target adaptive immune mediators will be critical for the development of novel therapeutic interventions.

Gut permeabillity and nitric oxide: Evidence for an endotoxin mediated inflammatory response in severe acute pancreatitis

2001 ◽  
Vol 120 (5) ◽  
pp. A468-A469
Author(s):  
S RAHMAN ◽  
B AMMORI ◽  
I MARTIN ◽  
G BARCLAY ◽  
M LARVIN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Acute Pancreatitis ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Severe Acute Pancreatitis

ERK and PKCξ independently contribute to the EPEC-induced inflammatory response

2001 ◽  
Vol 120 (5) ◽  
pp. A126-A126
Author(s):  
S SAVKOVIC ◽  
Z KAPADIA ◽  
A KOUTSOURIS ◽  
G HECHT
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Response

Sorghum Fermented by Aspergillus oryzae NK Enhances Inhibition of Vascular Inflammation in TNF-α-stimulated Human Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells

2018 ◽  
Vol 88 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 309-318
Author(s):  
Hae Seong Song ◽  
Jung-Eun Kwon ◽  
Hyun Jin Baek ◽  
Chang Won Kim ◽  
Hyelin Jeon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Smooth Muscle Cells ◽  
Adhesion Molecule ◽  
Vascular Inflammation ◽  
Muscle Cells ◽  
Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells ◽  
Aortic Smooth Muscle ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Cox 2

Abstract. Sorghum bicolor L. Moench is widely grown all over the world for food and feed. The effects of sorghum extracts on general inflammation have been previously studied, but its anti-vascular inflammatory effects are unknown. Therefore, this study investigated the anti-vascular inflammation effects of sorghum extract (SBE) and fermented extract of sorghum (fSBE) on human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs). After the cytotoxicity test of the sorghum extract, a series of experiments were conducted. The inhibition effects of SBE and fSBE on the inflammatory response and adhesion molecule expression were measured using treatment with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), a crucial promoter for the development of atherosclerotic lesions, on HASMCs. After TNF-α (10 ng/mL) treatment for 2 h, then SBE and fSBE (100 and 200 μg/mL) were applied for 12h. Western blotting analysis showed that the expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) (2.4-fold) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) (6.7-fold) decreased, and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) (3.5-fold) increased compared to the TNF-α control when treated with 200 μg/mL fSBE (P<0.05). In addition, the fSBE significantly increased the expression of HO-1 and significantly decreased the expression of VCAM-1 and COX-2 compared to the TNF-α control in mRNA level (P<0.05). These reasons of results might be due to the increased concentrations of procyanidin B1 (about 6-fold) and C1 (about 30-fold) produced through fermentation with Aspergillus oryzae NK for 48 h, at 37 °C. Overall, the results demonstrated that fSBE enhanced the inhibition of the inflammatory response and adherent molecule expression in HASMCs.

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