Aggressive and Protective Immunological Reactions of the Pregnant Mother to the Conceptus

Background: Biocompatible polymers are gaining great interest in the field of biomedical applications. The term biocompatibility refers to the suitability of a polymer to body and body fluids exposure. Biocompatible polymers are both synthetic (man-made) and natural and aid in the close vicinity of a living system or work in intimacy with living cells. These are used to gauge, treat, boost, or substitute any tissue, organ or function of the body. A biocompatible polymer improves body functions without altering its normal functioning and triggering allergies or other side effects. It encompasses advances in tissue culture, tissue scaffolds, implantation, artificial grafts, wound fabrication, controlled drug delivery, bone filler material, etc. Objectives: This review provides an insight into the remarkable contribution made by some well-known biopolymers such as polylactic-co-glycolic acid, poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), polyLactic Acid, poly(3- hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV), Chitosan and Cellulose in the therapeutic measure for many biomedical applications. Methods: : Various techniques and methods have made biopolymers more significant in the biomedical fields such as augmentation (replaced petroleum based polymers), film processing, injection modeling, blow molding techniques, controlled / implantable drug delivery devices, biological grafting, nano technology, tissue engineering etc. Results: The fore mentioned techniques and other advanced techniques have resulted in improved biocompatibility, nontoxicity, renewability, mild processing conditions, health condition, reduced immunological reactions and minimized side effects that would occur if synthetic polymers are used in a host cell. Conclusion: Biopolymers have brought effective and attainable targets in pharmaceutics and therapeutics. There are huge numbers of biopolymers reported in the literature that has been used effectively and extensively.

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Outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and its manifestation

Coronaviruses ◽

10.2174/2666796701999201204121813 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 01 ◽

Author(s):

Bikash Debnath ◽

Waikhom Somraj Singh ◽

Kuntal Manna

Keyword(s):

Antiviral Drug ◽

World Health ◽

Family Welfare ◽

Pregnant Mother ◽

Vaccine Candidates ◽

The World ◽

Mode Of Transmission ◽

Health Organization ◽

Effective Drugs ◽

Respiratory Droplets

: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) first outbreak in Wuhan, China, and the infection is intense worldwide. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for COVID-19. The World Health Organization (WHO) confirmed total deaths had noted 4.20% globally (March 21, 2020). Between the intervals of four months (July 21, 2020), confirmed total deaths had recorded 4.17%, globally. In India, 909 confirmed cases and 19 deaths were reported by Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, March 28, 2020. Between the intervals of 123 days In India, 1638870 confirmed cases and 35684 deaths. COVID-19 can potentially spread from person to person through direct contact or respiratory droplets from coughing and sneezing. The most common symptoms are fever, dry cough, difficulty in breathing, and fatigue. A pregnant mother with COVID-19 has fewer chances to transfer this infection of her newborn babies. Children have less affected than an adult. A specific antiviral drug or vaccine has not been developed to cure the disease. Chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir, ritonavir, nafamostat, nitazoxanide, and remdesivir have effective drugs to treat COVID-19. Many vaccine candidates are under pre-clinical and clinical studies. In this review, we highlight the epidemiology, sign-symptoms, pathogenesis, mode of transmission, and effects of a pregnant mother with newborns, children, prevention, and drugs affective to COVID-19.

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Current Strategies for Tracheal Replacement: A Review

Life ◽

10.3390/life11070618 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 618

Author(s):

Giuseppe Damiano ◽

Vincenzo Davide Palumbo ◽

Salvatore Fazzotta ◽

Francesco Curione ◽

Giulia Lo Monte ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Three Dimensional ◽

Neck Region ◽

Vascular Supply ◽

Dimensional Structure ◽

Tracheal Resection ◽

Biological Scaffolds ◽

Biological Substrate ◽

Immunological Reactions ◽

Tracheal Replacement ◽

Current Lines

Airway cancers have been increasing in recent years. Tracheal resection is commonly performed during surgery and is burdened from post-operative complications severely affecting quality of life. Tracheal resection is usually carried out in primary tracheal tumors or other neoplasms of the neck region. Regenerative medicine for tracheal replacement using bio-prosthesis is under current research. In recent years, attempts were made to replace and transplant human cadaver trachea. An effective vascular supply is fundamental for a successful tracheal transplantation. The use of biological scaffolds derived from decellularized tissues has the advantage of a three-dimensional structure based on the native extracellular matrix promoting the perfusion, vascularization, and differentiation of the seeded cell typologies. By appropriately modulating some experimental parameters, it is possible to change the characteristics of the surface. The obtained membranes could theoretically be affixed to a decellularized tissue, but, in practice, it needs to ensure adhesion to the biological substrate and/or glue adhesion with biocompatible glues. It is also known that many of the biocompatible glues can be toxic or poorly tolerated and induce inflammatory phenomena or rejection. In tissue and organ transplants, decellularized tissues must not produce adverse immunological reactions and lead to rejection phenomena; at the same time, the transplant tissue must retain the mechanical properties of the original tissue. This review describes the attempts so far developed and the current lines of research in the field of tracheal replacement.

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Impact of Dietary Flavanols on Microbiota, Immunity and Inflammation in Metabolic Diseases

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13030850 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 850

Author(s):

María Ángeles Martín ◽

Sonia Ramos

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Fruits And Vegetables ◽

Metabolic Diseases ◽

Nuclear Factor Κb ◽

Low Grade ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Health And Disease ◽

Immunological Reactions ◽

And Function ◽

Positive Properties

Flavanols are natural occurring polyphenols abundant in fruits and vegetables to which have been attributed to beneficial effects on health, and also against metabolic diseases, such as diabetes, obesity and metabolic syndrome. These positive properties have been associated to the modulation of different molecular pathways, and importantly, to the regulation of immunological reactions (pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, nuclear factor-κB [NF-κB], inducible enzymes), and the activity of cells of the immune system. In addition, flavanols can modulate the composition and function of gut microbiome in a prebiotic-like manner, resulting in the positive regulation of metabolic pathways and immune responses, and reduction of low-grade chronic inflammation. Moreover, the biotransformation of flavanols by gut bacteria increases their bioavailability generating a number of metabolites with potential to affect human metabolism, including during metabolic diseases. However, the exact mechanisms by which flavanols act on the microbiota and immune system to influence health and disease remain unclear, especially in humans where these connections have been scarcely explored. This review seeks to summarize recent advances on the complex interaction of flavanols with gut microbiota, immunity and inflammation focus on metabolic diseases.

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Immunological reactions induced by intracerebral transplantation: Evidence that host microglia but not astroglia are the antigen-presenting cells

Experimental Neurology ◽

10.1016/0014-4886(89)90046-0 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 103 (3) ◽

pp. 222-233 ◽

Cited By ~ 69

Author(s):

Maciej Poltorak ◽

William J. Freed

Keyword(s):

Antigen Presenting Cells ◽

Intracerebral Transplantation ◽

Immunological Reactions ◽

Antigen Presenting

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EFFET DE L'INOCULATION SUBSÉQUENTE DU VIRUS SV40 SUR LA TRANSPLANTATION DE CELLULES TRANSFORMÉES PAR CE VIRUS

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/m67-069 ◽

1967 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 543-549 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

R. Dubreuil ◽

E. di Franco ◽

V. Pavilanis ◽

P. Marois

Keyword(s):

Transformed Cells ◽

Oncogenic Virus ◽

Transplanted Tumors ◽

Immune Reactions ◽

Humoral Immune ◽

Transplanted Tumor ◽

Second Transplantation ◽

Immunological Reactions ◽

Virus Sv40

The inoculation of SV40 virus during the few days following the transplantation of SV40-transformed cells to adult hamsters inhibits the development of the transplanted tumors. The number and the size of the tumors are markedly reduced relative to those developing in control animals inoculated with medium 199.The animals that were resistant to the first transplantation, and those where the tumors were excised, showed an increased resistance to a second transplantation effected after an interval of 8 months.These results are interpreted as supporting the view that the transplantation of virus-transformed cells, and the development of the transplanted tumor, induce complex immunological reactions. The homologous oncogenic virus can be used to modify favorably the balance between cellular and humoral immune reactions conducive to the development of the tumor.

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