Biocompatible Polymers and their Potential Biomedical Applications: A Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (34) ◽  
pp. 3608-3619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uzma Arif ◽  
Sajjad Haider ◽  
Adnan Haider ◽  
Naeem Khan ◽  
Abdulaziz A. Alghyamah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Living System ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
The Body ◽  
Biocompatible Polymers ◽  
Nano Technology ◽  
Artificial Grafts ◽  
Immunological Reactions

Background: Biocompatible polymers are gaining great interest in the field of biomedical applications. The term biocompatibility refers to the suitability of a polymer to body and body fluids exposure. Biocompatible polymers are both synthetic (man-made) and natural and aid in the close vicinity of a living system or work in intimacy with living cells. These are used to gauge, treat, boost, or substitute any tissue, organ or function of the body. A biocompatible polymer improves body functions without altering its normal functioning and triggering allergies or other side effects. It encompasses advances in tissue culture, tissue scaffolds, implantation, artificial grafts, wound fabrication, controlled drug delivery, bone filler material, etc. Objectives: This review provides an insight into the remarkable contribution made by some well-known biopolymers such as polylactic-co-glycolic acid, poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), polyLactic Acid, poly(3- hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV), Chitosan and Cellulose in the therapeutic measure for many biomedical applications. Methods: : Various techniques and methods have made biopolymers more significant in the biomedical fields such as augmentation (replaced petroleum based polymers), film processing, injection modeling, blow molding techniques, controlled / implantable drug delivery devices, biological grafting, nano technology, tissue engineering etc. Results: The fore mentioned techniques and other advanced techniques have resulted in improved biocompatibility, nontoxicity, renewability, mild processing conditions, health condition, reduced immunological reactions and minimized side effects that would occur if synthetic polymers are used in a host cell. Conclusion: Biopolymers have brought effective and attainable targets in pharmaceutics and therapeutics. There are huge numbers of biopolymers reported in the literature that has been used effectively and extensively.

scholarly journals The cell-type specific uptake of polymer-coated or micelle-embedded QDs and SPIOs does not provoke an acute pro-inflammatory response in the liver

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 1432-1440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Heine ◽  
Alexander Bartelt ◽  
Oliver T Bruns ◽  
Denise Bargheer ◽  
Artur Giemsa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Kupffer Cells ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
The Body ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Lipid Micelles

Semiconductor quantum dots (QD) and superparamagnetic iron oxide nanocrystals (SPIO) have exceptional physical properties that are well suited for biomedical applications in vitro and in vivo. For future applications, the direct injection of nanocrystals for imaging and therapy represents an important entry route into the human body. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate biological responses of the body to nanocrystals to avoid harmful side effects. In recent years, we established a system to embed nanocrystals with a hydrophobic oleic acid shell either by lipid micelles or by the amphiphilic polymer poly(maleic anhydride-alt-1-octadecene) (PMAOD). The goal of the current study is to investigate the uptake processes as well as pro-inflammatory responses in the liver after the injection of these encapsulated nanocrystals. By immunofluorescence and electron microscopy studies using wild type mice, we show that 30 min after injection polymer-coated nanocrystals are primarily taken up by liver sinusoidal endothelial cells. In contrast, by using wild type, Ldlr -/- as well as Apoe -/- mice we show that nanocrystals embedded within lipid micelles are internalized by Kupffer cells and, in a process that is dependent on the LDL receptor and apolipoprotein E, by hepatocytes. Gene expression analysis of pro-inflammatory markers such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) or chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10 (Cxcl10) indicated that 48 h after injection internalized nanocrystals did not provoke pro-inflammatory pathways. In conclusion, internalized nanocrystals at least in mouse liver cells, namely endothelial cells, Kupffer cells and hepatocytes are at least not acutely associated with potential adverse side effects, underlining their potential for biomedical applications.

scholarly journals Synergistic effect of folate-conjugated polymers and 5-fluorouracil in the treatment of colon cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela Siemiaszko ◽  
Katarzyna Niemirowicz-Laskowska ◽  
Karolina H. Markiewicz ◽  
Iwona Misztalewska-Turkowicz ◽  
Ewelina Dudź ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Folic Acid ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Drug Delivery System ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Effective Therapy ◽  
Controlled Polymerization ◽  
Micellar Systems

Abstract Background In recent years, targeted drug delivery strategies have received special attention from the scientific world due to advantages such as more effective therapy and reduction of side effects. The principle of operation is delayed excretion from the bloodstream of the drug delivery system compared to the drug itself, as well as facilitated penetration into diseased cells thanks to the use of ligands recognized by appropriate receptors. Particularly interesting drug carriers are amphiphilic copolymers that form nano-sized micelles with a drug, which can release the drug at a specific place in the body under the influence of appropriate stimuli. Results We describe the synthesis of the diblock polymer, poly(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate)-b-poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) using RAFT/MADIX (Reversible Addition-Fragmentation chain Transfer/MAcromolecular Design by Interchange of Xanthate) controlled polymerization affording polymers with good dispersity according to SEC (Size-Exclusion Chromatography). Some post-modifications of the polymer with folic acid were then performed as evidenced by NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance), UV–Vis (UltraViolet–Visible) and FT-IR (Fourier-Transform Infrared) spectroscopy, and TGA (ThermoGravimetric Analysis). The formation of stable micellar systems from polymers with and without the drug, 5-fluorouracil, was confirmed by DLS (Dynamic Light Scattering) and zeta potential measurements, and TEM (Transmission Eelectron Microscopy) imaging. Finally, the cloud point of the polymers was investigated, which turned out to be close to the temperature of the human body. Most importantly, these micellar systems have been explored as a drug delivery system against colon cancer, showing increased cytotoxicity compared to the drug alone. This effect was achieved due to the easier cellular uptake by the interaction of folic acid and its receptors on the surface of cancer cells. Conclusions The presented results constitute a solid foundation for the implementation of a nano-sized drug delivery system containing folic acid for practical use in the treatment of drug-resistant cancer, as well as more effective therapy with fewer side effects. Graphical Abstract

Prototype of Microcapsule Including a Gas Bubble for Developing Shock Wave Drug Delivery Systems

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masaaki Tamagawa ◽  
Ichiro Yamanoi
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Shock Wave ◽  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Biomedical Engineering ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
The Body ◽  
Gas Bubble ◽  
Nano Technology ◽  
System A

This paper describes the trial of making microcapsules including a bubble for shock wave drug delivery systems and evaluation of their mechanical properties. We have proposed drug delivery systems (DDS) using shock waves in order to apply micro/nano technology in the fields of biomedical engineering. In this system, a microcapsule including a gas bubble is flown in the blood vessel, and finally broken by shock induced microjet, then drug is reached to the affected part in the body as same as traditional DDS. In this paper, the mechanism for deformation and disintegration of capsules in our previous works is reviewed, and the trials of making special microcapsules are discussed. To determine Young’s modulus of capsule membrane mentioned above, the membrane is deformed by the aspiration device and the deformation is compared with computational result by FEM.

Recent Advances in Non-Invasive Delivery of Macromolecules using Nanoparticulate Carriers System

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 440-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shadab Md. ◽  
Shadabul Haque ◽  
Ravi Sheshala ◽  
Lim Wei Meng ◽  
Venkata Srikanth Meka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Oral Delivery ◽  
The Body ◽  
Administration Routes ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Current Formulation ◽  
Delivery Routes ◽  
Systemic Side Effects ◽  
Rapid Clearance

Background: The drug delivery of macromolecules such as proteins and peptides has become an important area of research and represents the fastest expanding share of the market for human medicines. The most common method for delivering macromolecules is parenterally. However parenteral administration of some therapeutic macromolecules has not been effective because of their rapid clearance from the body. As a result, most macromolecules are only therapeutically useful after multiple injections, which causes poor compliance and systemic side effects. Methods: Therefore, there is a need to improve delivery of therapeutic macromolecules to enable non-invasive delivery routes, less frequent dosing through controlled-release drug delivery, and improved drug targeting to increase efficacy and reduce side effects. Result: Non-invasive administration routes such as intranasal, pulmonary, transdermal, ocular and oral delivery have been attempted intensively by formulating macromolecules into nanoparticulate carriers system such as polymeric and lipidic nanoparticles. Conclusion: This review discusses barriers to drug delivery and current formulation technologies to overcome the unfavorable properties of macromolecules via non-invasive delivery (mainly intranasal, pulmonary, transdermal oral and ocular) with a focus on nanoparticulate carrier systems. This review also provided a summary and discussion of recent data on non-invasive delivery of macromolecules using nanoparticulate formulations.

Applications

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Mark ◽  
Dale W. Schaefer ◽  
Gui Lin
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
The Body ◽  
Tissue Cell ◽  
Medical Applications ◽  
Internal Diameter ◽  
Elastomeric Matrix ◽  
Zero Order Kinetics

Numerous medical applications have been developed for siloxane polymers. Prostheses, artificial organs, objects for facial reconstruction, vitreous substitutes in the eyes, tubing and catheters, for example, take advantage of the inertness, stability, and pliability of polysiloxanes. Artificial skin, contact lenses, and drug delivery systems utilize their high permeability as well. Such biomedical applications have led to extensive biocompatability studies, particularly on the interactions of polysiloxanes with proteins. There has been considerable interest in modifying these materials to improve their suitability for biomedical applications in general. Advances seem to be coming particularly rapidly in the area of high-tech drug-delivery systems. Figure 10.1 shows the range of diameters of Silastic medical-grade siloxane tubing available for medical applications. The smallest tubing has an internal diameter of only 0.012 inches (0.031 cm) and an outer diameter of only 0.025 inches (0.064 cm). Such materials must first be extensively tested (sensitization of skin, tissue cell culture compatibility, implant compatibility). There has been considerable controversy, for example, over the safety of using polysiloxanes in breast implants. The major concern was “bleeding” of low molecular polysiloxanes out of the gels into the chest cavity, followed by transport to other parts of the body. The extent to which “bleeding” occurred and its possible systemic effects on the body were argued vigorously in the media and in the courts, and led to restrictions on the use of polysiloxanes. In the case of controlled drug-delivery systems, the goal is to have the drug released at a relatively constant rate (zero-order kinetics) at a concentration within the therapeutic range. It is obviously important to minimize the amount of time the concentration is in the low, ineffective range, and to eliminate completely the time it is in the high, toxic range (figure 10.2). Figure 10.3 illustrates the use of polysiloxanes in such drug-delivery systems. The goal mentioned is approached by placing the drug inside a siloxane elastomeric capsule, which is then implanted in an appropriate location in the body. The drug within the capsule can be in the free state, in a fluid suspension, or mixed or dissolved into an elastomeric matrix.

scholarly journals MAGNETIC MICROSPHERE AN EMERGING DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diksha Sharma ◽  
Abhishek Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Drug Delivery System ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Targeted Drug Delivery ◽  
The Body ◽  
Magnetic Microspheres ◽  
Magnetic Microsphere ◽  
Targeted Drug ◽  
Novel Drug

  The drug delivery system has been advanced to release the drug according to the body requirement during the entire period of treatment and also for the delivery at the targeted site. Several novel drug delivery systems have emerged encompassing different route of administration to achieve controlled and targeted drug delivery, magnetic microsphere carrier being one of them. Magnetic microsphere is an alternative to traditional radiation methods. As the traditional radiation methods use highly penetrating radiation that is absorbed throughout the body and cause side effects hence its use is limited. Therefore, a safe and effective alternate is needed like magnetic microsphere. The excessive circulating drug particles are minimized by this delivery system. Moreover, the aim of specific targeting is to enhance the effectiveness of drug delivery and at the same time to lessen the toxicity and side effects. Magnetic carriers receive magnetic responses to a magnetic field from incorporated materials that are used for magnetic microsphere are chitosan, dextran, etc. One of the most utilized magnetic microspheres is serum albumine whether from human or other suitable animals. Drug release from the albumin microsphere can be controlled by various stabilization procedures. Overall, the targeted magnetic microsphere is much valuable novel drug delivery system for what more work have to be done. By knowing the importance of all this, the present paper reviews the mechanism, preparation, and applications of magnetic microspheres. As the targeted drug delivery system implies selective and effective localization of drug into the target at therapeutic concentrations with limited access to non-target sites. Magnetic microspheres hold great promises for reaching the goal of controlled and site-specific drug delivery.

Medical Use of Nanoparticles

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 194308921350697 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parva Nasimi ◽  
Maryam Haidari
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Human Activity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
Early Stages

Researchers today are able to encapsulate medicine in nanoparticles, the size of viruses. The nanoparticles are effective for drug delivery—the delivery of the medicine to the body—because they can very precisely find diseased cells and carry the medicine to them. This means that one can suffice with less dosage and thereby fewer side effects. In addition, nanoscience and nanotechnological methods are spurring the development of more sophisticated tools for detecting diseases, such as cancer and atherosclerosis, at early stages and performing neurosurgery. Applications of nanotechnology in disease diagnoses are developing rapidly. Their unique size-dependent properties make these materials superior and indispensable in many areas of human activity.

scholarly journals Surface modified receptor mediated delivery systems for site specific treatment of cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Fenil Vanapariya ◽  
Miteshkumar Malviya ◽  
Shiroya Milankumar Nathabhai
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Drug Carrier ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cancer Drug ◽  
Specific Drug ◽  
Formulation Development ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Surface Modified

The treatment of the cancer has many challenges now a days due to side effects of the treatment. However, in the modern formulation development the concept of the site specific drug delivery for disease treatment in the body is considering as continuous challenges. Observing the challenges in convectional technique site specific drug delivery system has good potential to reduce adverse side effects, efficiently improve the human body health with very low toxicity. This review article elaborates the current challenges and prospective of surface modified drug carrier systems for delivery of protein for site-specific treatment of cancer and anti-cancer drug.

Virtue of Nanotechnology in Confronting Obesity: Recent Advances

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jashanpreet Singh Sandhu ◽  
Rina Das ◽  
Dinesh Kumar Mehta ◽  
Meenakshi Dhanawat
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Sleep Apnoea ◽  
Western World ◽  
Nano Technology ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Delivery Strategies ◽  
Treatment Of Obesity ◽  
Health Complications

Background: Obesity has been a serious health issue over the last decades both in the affluent western world and developing countries. Obesity is linked with major health complications such as diabetes, cardiac disorder, cancer, hypertension, sleep apnoea, etc. Available treatments such as bariatric surgery and pharmacotherapy are often accompanied by adverse side effects and poor patient compliance. Nanotechnology is a discipline that is concerned with material characteristics at nanoscale, and offers novel techniques for disease detection, management, and prevention. Objectives: Recent progress in the field of obesity research at its interface with nanotechnology is our focus. Nanomedicine has greatly enhanced the health status of the people suffering from obesity as it provides non-obtrusive techniques for the management and treatment of obesity. Methods: Literature survey was performed using PubMed, Science Direct, and Web of Science search engines with- terms nanotechnology, nanomedicine and obesity. The research was focused primarily on articles published between the years 2000 and 2019. Results: We have described original and innovative approaches in developments of nano-technology based drug delivery strategies. Nanotechnology has been widely proposed to combine herbal medicine for the treatment of obesity, because nano-structured systems might be able to potentiate the action of plant extracts, reducing the required dose and side effects, and improving activity. This will offer a wide era of treatment options which will directly improve the patient’s compliance. Conclusion: This review surveys recent developments of nanotechnology‐based drug delivery strategies are highlighted, and discussed for obesity treatment with an emphasis on the enhanced therapeutic efficiency and minimized side effects. The insights for future development related to the management of obesity are also discussed.

scholarly journals MHD on Convective Mass Transfer in Annular Flow: Catheter Based Drug Release

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 6699-6709
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Mass Transfer ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
The Body ◽  
Convective Mass Transfer ◽  
Diffusive Mass Transfer ◽  
Tissue Region ◽  
Physical Phenomena ◽  
The Magnetic Field

In the present study, convective diffusive mass transfer is considered, along with effects of particle drag under the influence of a magnetic field concerning drug delivery in the presence of the catheter. A concentric annular region is created by the presence of a catheter, and the effects of which on mass transfer are considered. A model on the hydrodynamics of the fluid, blood flow, and convective diffusive mass transfer of the species is presented. Here, an attempt is made to analyze a drug delivery method for delivering a drug to a specific site in the body and for this analysis, considered a channel bounded by the tissue region where the drug is targeted. The magnetic field induces pulsatile flow, which affects the mass transfer. The graphs predict that the mass transfer increases from the lumen region to the tissue region. Peclet number and magnetic parameter are the parameters that significantly affect carrying drugs towards the tissue. The results are well agreed with the physical phenomena of the problem as well as many biomedical applications.

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