Outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and its manifestation

Coronaviruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 01 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bikash Debnath ◽  
Waikhom Somraj Singh ◽  
Kuntal Manna
Keyword(s):  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
World Health ◽  
Family Welfare ◽  
Pregnant Mother ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
The World ◽  
Mode Of Transmission ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Effective Drugs ◽  
Respiratory Droplets

: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) first outbreak in Wuhan, China, and the infection is intense worldwide. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for COVID-19. The World Health Organization (WHO) confirmed total deaths had noted 4.20% globally (March 21, 2020). Between the intervals of four months (July 21, 2020), confirmed total deaths had recorded 4.17%, globally. In India, 909 confirmed cases and 19 deaths were reported by Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, March 28, 2020. Between the intervals of 123 days In India, 1638870 confirmed cases and 35684 deaths. COVID-19 can potentially spread from person to person through direct contact or respiratory droplets from coughing and sneezing. The most common symptoms are fever, dry cough, difficulty in breathing, and fatigue. A pregnant mother with COVID-19 has fewer chances to transfer this infection of her newborn babies. Children have less affected than an adult. A specific antiviral drug or vaccine has not been developed to cure the disease. Chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir, ritonavir, nafamostat, nitazoxanide, and remdesivir have effective drugs to treat COVID-19. Many vaccine candidates are under pre-clinical and clinical studies. In this review, we highlight the epidemiology, sign-symptoms, pathogenesis, mode of transmission, and effects of a pregnant mother with newborns, children, prevention, and drugs affective to COVID-19.

Coronavirus diseases and pregnancy: COVID-19,SARS, and MERS

2020 ◽  
pp. 276-289
Author(s):  
Mobina Fathi ◽  
Kimia Vakili ◽  
Niloofar Deravi
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Retardation ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
World Health ◽  
Wuhan City ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Exponential Increase ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Respiratory Droplets

Around the end of December 2019, a new beta-coronavirus from Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China began to spread rapidly. The new virus, called SARS-CoV-2, which could be transmitted through respiratory droplets, had a range of mild to severe symptoms, from simple cold in some cases to death in others. The disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 was named COVID-19 by WHO and has so far killed more people than SARS and MERS. Following the widespread global outbreak of COVID-19, with more than 132758 confirmed cases and 4955 deaths worldwide, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic disease in January 2020. Earlier studies on viral pneumonia epidemics has shown that pregnant women are at greater risk than others. During pregnancy, the pregnant woman is more prone to infectious diseases. Research on both SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, which are pathologically similar to SARS-CoV-2, has shown that being infected with these viruses during pregnancy increases the risk of maternal death, stillbirth, intrauterine growth retardation and, preterm delivery. With the exponential increase in cases of COVID-19 throughout the world, there is a need to understand the effects of SARS-CoV-2 on the health of pregnant women, through extrapolation of earlier studies that have been conducted on pregnant women infected with SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV. There is an urgent need to understand the chance of vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from mother to fetus and the possibility of the virus crossing the placental barrier. Additionally, since some viral diseases and antiviral drugs may have a negative impact on the mother and fetus, in which case, pregnant women need special attention for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of COVID-19.

Aftermath of Covid -19 Pandemic in the community

2021 ◽  
pp. 498-500
Author(s):  
Sholly. CK
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Antiviral Treatment ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Respiratory Illnesses ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Respiratory Droplets

Novel corona virus (COVID-19) is an infectious condition, which can be spread directly or indirectly from one person to another and causes respiratory illnesses, range from common cold to acute respiratory syndrome. The first cases of this virus were found in Wuhan, China. According to the World Health Organization, COVID-19 is serious health concern and has higher risk for severe illness and spreading rapidly all over the world.This novel coronavirus was named Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) by WHO in February 2020. The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared the coronavirus disease 2019 a pandemic, in the year2020 March. A global coordinated effort is needed to stop the further spread of the virus. Among all cases about 92% of the confirmed cases were recorded from China. Initial reports suggest that death rate ranges from 1% to 2% which varies in the study and country. The most of the death have occurred in patients over 50 years of age followed by young children. For the confirmed cases which included both laboratory and clinically diagnosed till now there is no specific antiviral treatment recommended but there is vaccine currently available. Once the virus develops in people, corona viruses can be spread from person to person through respiratory droplets. The viral material hangs out in these droplets and can be breathed into the respiratory tract, where the virus can then lead to an infection. Repercussions of Covid -19 on individuals, families and on front line warriors are countless1.

scholarly journals Is hydroxychloroquine beneficial for COVID-19 patients?

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xing Li ◽  
Ying Wang ◽  
Patrizia Agostinis ◽  
Arnold Rabson ◽  
Gerry Melino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Emergency Care ◽  
Public Health Emergency ◽  
World Health ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Effective Drugs

Abstract The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first reported in December 2019. As similar cases rapidly emerged around the world1–3, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a public health emergency of international concern on January 30, 2020 and pronounced the rapidly spreading coronavirus outbreak as a pandemic on March 11, 20204. The virus has reached almost all countries of the globe. As of June 3, 2020, the accumulated confirmed cases reached 6,479,405 with more than 383,013 deaths worldwide. The urgent and emergency care of COVID-19 patients calls for effective drugs, in addition to the beneficial effects of remdesivir5, to control the disease and halt the pandemic.

scholarly journals Pharmacovigilance programme of India: revival of the renaissance

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 2281
Author(s):  
Jyoti B. Gadhade ◽  
Rajesh S. Hiray ◽  
Rekha Y. Aherkar ◽  
Kalpana U. Shah
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Drug Reactions ◽  
Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting ◽  
World Health ◽  
Uppsala Monitoring Centre ◽  
Family Welfare ◽  
Drug Reactions ◽  
Monitoring Centre ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are the fourth leading cause of morbidity in the world. In order to safeguard the health of the community, Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI) is implemented as the monitoring body by Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission (IPC). It is leading national authority. National Coordinating Centre (NCC) PvPI works as the World Health Organization (WHO) collaborating centre for pharmacovigilance. Adverse drug reactions are reported to NCC PvPI which are then directed towards WHO Uppsala Monitoring Centre (UMC) Sweden which is the global monitoring centre for worldwide data. Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is the regulatory authority of India under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MOHFW), Government of India. This article focusses on the various strands of pharmacovigilance at the healthcare professional and consumer level. It also discusses the pitfalls in the journey of pharmacovigilance thus helping in enhancing the quality of health safety. Even a minuscule contribution by a health care professional or a consumer can voluminously help in promotion of drug safety. Therefore, there is a need of inculcating the culture of adverse drug reaction reporting for the welfare of the vulnerable masses.

scholarly journals PROSPECTS OF SARS-CoV-2 VACCINES AND THEIR LANDSCAPE

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (Spl-1-SARS-CoV-2) ◽  
pp. S246-S263
Author(s):  
Bharti Kotarya ◽  
◽  
Abhishek Pandeya ◽  
Raj Kumar Khalko ◽  
Anup Mishra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Viral Vectors ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
World Health ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Vaccine Production ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
The World ◽  
Effective Drugs

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus -2 (SARS-CoV-2), puzzled the whole world with its diverse, unique clinical spectrum, and unprecedented transmission dynamics. The disease caused by this virus is named as Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), reported first time in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. It had spread to almost all countries of the world disrupting the health and economy of many countries. It was the recent zoonotic spillover disease reported in humans from the Coronavirus group, without proper medicine and non-existence of prior immunity, this disease posed a challenge to both the scientific and medical fraternity. The search for safe, effective drugs to treat the disease and vaccines against the causative agent SARS- CoV-2 had begun all over the world with public and private partnerships. Many countries are part of the solidarity trail for identifying the effective drugs, clinical trials and vaccines for this global pandemic. Here in this review, we are focussing on the different vaccine production platforms being used in the preparation of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2, their current status and prospects. Vaccine production technology significantly advanced in recent times by imbibing the cutting edge technologies such as nucleic acid based technologies such as DNA/RNA/Codon deoptimization and availability of safe and effective viral vectors produced through rDNA technology. The availability of complete genome sequence of SARS-CoV-2, geared up for the production of vaccine candidates based on these new vaccine production platforms, and in a record time of 4-5 months, these vaccine candidates entered in human clinical trials for the evaluation of safety and efficacy. Prior knowledge on SARS and MERS-CoV’s structural and genomic features, vaccine production platforms used in making vaccines against them greatly augmented in the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine efforts. As per World Health Organization (WHO) a total of202 vaccine candidates are under developing for SARS-CoV-2, among them 47 entered in clinical trials and 156 are in the preclinical stage. These vaccines are prepared by an amalgamation of both new and old traditional vaccine production platforms such as nucleic acid base platforms, inactivated, live attenuated, recombinant viral vectors, protein and peptide-based vaccines. The success of these vaccine candidates lies in the generation of effective immune response for SARS-CoV-2 across all age groups and people with co-morbidities. We briefly summarize the different strategies of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine production and their prospects with an emphasis on different routes of administration and added a basic mathematical model depicting the importance of vaccination for any pandemic.

scholarly journals Nano COVID-19 Vaccines: the firsts RNA lipid nanoparticle vaccines being approved from history - Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. e20191211123
Author(s):  
Thyago José Arruda Pacheco ◽  
Victor Carlos Mello da Silva ◽  
Danielle Galdino de Souza
Keyword(s):  
World Health ◽  
World Population ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
Proven Efficacy ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Collaborative Efforts

A new coronavirus, identified in Wuhan, China, has spread globally, infecting millions of people and causing significant morbidity and mortality. The pandemic state, declared by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020, transformed the world and made people adapt to social distance to control the spread of the virus. The race against time in search of therapeutic solutions has become essential, and nanotechnology may be able to make vaccines available in record time to stimulate the immunization of individuals. Since the beginning of 2020, scientists and companies are rapidly advancing to make vaccine candidates available at a different rate compared to other pandemics that have existed. This review briefly presents the pros and cons of the third generation vaccines, Moderna / NIAID and Pfizer - BioNTech, which are in phase 3 tests, based on lipid RNA nanoparticles. Great collaborative efforts are being invested so that soon the world population will receive doses of vaccines with proven efficacy and enable increased survival, since the pandemic has already caused many irreversible losses.

scholarly journals Immunological Assays used to Support Efficacy of Zika Virus Vaccines

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 97
Author(s):  
Kenneth H. Eckels ◽  
Rafael A. De La Barrera ◽  
Joseph Robert Putnak
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Public Sector ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Public Health Emergency ◽  
World Health ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
The World ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Immunological Assays ◽  
Health Organization

In February of 2016, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared Zika virus (ZIKV) a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. This prompted a rapid response from both the private and public sector resulting in the generation of several promising vaccine candidates. In this review, we discuss published scientific efforts associated with these novel vaccines, emphasizing the immunological assays used to evaluate their immunogenicity and efficacy, and support future licensure.

scholarly journals Evolving potential vaccine candidates amid COVID-19 pandemic: Pipeline to Lifeline

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 1323-1333
Author(s):  
Anshu Kumar Yadav ◽  
Akila Prashant ◽  
Prashant Vishwanath ◽  
Surinder Singh ◽  
Nirmal Kumar Ganguly
Keyword(s):  
Docking Studies ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
World Health ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
Clinical Phase ◽  
Preclinical Phase ◽  
The World ◽  
Potential Vaccine ◽  
Health Organization

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is globally explored to decode its genomic functionality along with elucidating immunogenic pathways to design and develop an efficient vaccine. Potential immunogenic targets have been screened and validated through preclinical evaluation using experimental models. Computational platform and molecular docking studies are also being conducted to study the immunodynamic mechanisms which involve suitable epitopes of host target cells that respond to the potential vaccine candidate eliciting an immune-mediated reaction. Although SARS-CoV-2 possesses genetic similarities with previously known human coronaviruses, the emergence of novel mutational changes in the immunodominant region of the receptor-binding domain of viral spike protein resulted in high transmissibility and fatality. On a periodical basis, the World Health Organization (WHO) publishes the update on evolving vaccine candidates and encouraging several vaccine developers including multinational companies to join the worldwide campaign against the COVID-19 pandemic. As per the latest WHO landscape draft of evolving vaccine candidates, around 180 teams with respective vaccine candidates across the world are working by utilizing multiple developmental platforms, out of which 35 candidates have entered clinical phase trial and 145 candidates are under the preclinical phase of evaluation. They are also being tested for undesired immunopotentiation without compromising their safety and efficacy. These vaccine candidates along with their advantages and various challenges have been reviewed in this article.

scholarly journals A current update on viral classification, diagnosis and available treatment of COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Gift Eyareosowo Oden ◽  
Himmat Singh ◽  
Santosh Kumar Singh ◽  
Abhay Raizada ◽  
Gaurav Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
World Health ◽  
Transmission Method ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The World ◽  
Paper Work ◽  
Mode Of Transmission ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
A Current

In December of 2019, an outbreak of a disease began at Wuhan, China and would later be named the coronavirus disease2019 (covid-19) by the World Health Organization and further declared a global pandemic. Since the onset of this disease, the pattern of day to day activities had been disrupted in a bid to curb this menace to society. This paper work touches on basic viral classification, as well as structure of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, the main causative agent of covid-19. This review work also sheds light on symptoms associated with this disease, mode of transmission, method of diagnosis and medications available in treating the symptoms. Potential vaccines available in India are also discussed here.

scholarly journals Hepatitis C Vaccination: Where We Are and Where We Need to Be

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1619
Author(s):  
Vignan Manne ◽  
John Ryan ◽  
Jonathan Wong ◽  
Gayatri Vengayil ◽  
Syed Abdul Basit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Health ◽  
Multimodal Approach ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
Clinical Burden ◽  
Poor Access ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Excellent Tool

The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a common cause of chronic liver disease and liver cancer worldwide. Despite advances in curative therapies for HCV, the incidence of new infections is not decreasing at the expected rate to hit the World Health Organization (WHO) target for the elimination of HCV by 2030. In fact, there are still more new cases of infection in the United States and worldwide than are being cured. The reasons for the rise in new cases include poor access to care and the opioid epidemic. The clinical burden of HCV requires a multimodal approach to eradicating the infection. Vaccination would be an excellent tool to prevent incidence of new infections; however, the genetic diversity of HCV and its ability to generate quasispecies within an infected host make creating a broadly reactive vaccine difficult. Multiple vaccine candidates have been identified, but to date, there has not been a target that has led to a broadly reactive vaccine, though several of the candidates are promising. Additionally, the virus is very difficult to culture and testing candidates in humans or chimpanzees is ethically challenging. Despite the multiple barriers to creating a vaccine, vaccination still represents an important tool in the fight against HCV.

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