Rate and Location of Scent Marking by Pikas During the Breeding Season

1983 ◽  
pp. 329-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carron Meaney
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
Scent Marking

scholarly journals Canada Lynx (Lynx canadensis) detection and behaviour using remote cameras during the breeding season

2014 ◽  
Vol 127 (4) ◽  
pp. 310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shannon M. Crowley ◽  
Dexter P. Hodder ◽  
Karl W. Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
Survey Methods ◽  
Scent Marking ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
Lynx Lynx ◽  
Lynx Canadensis ◽  
Detection Rates ◽  
Canada Lynx ◽  
Remote Cameras ◽  
Trail Camera

The efficacy of surveys in detecting Canada Lynx (Lynx canadensis) can vary considerably by geographic area. We conducted surveys using digital passive infrared trail video-cameras from January to April 2013, during the breeding season of the Canada Lynx, in the John Prince Research Forest in central British Columbia. We used snow-track surveys to test the efficacy of our camera surveys. We measured trail camera detection rates by survey week and location and we noted Canada Lynx activity and behaviours recorded by the cameras. The detection rate increased between January and April, reaching a peak of 8 Canada Lynx/100 camera-days in early April. Canada Lynx spent more time at camera sites displaying behaviours such as scent-marking and cheek-rubbing in late March. The combination of both snow-track and trail camera surveys was especially effective, with Canada Lynx detected at 77% of all monitored sites. Depending on survey objectives, it may be beneficial to conduct camera as well as other non-invasive survey methods for Canada Lynx during the breeding season, when survey efficacy and detection rates are maximized.

scholarly journals Testosterone-related and seasonal changes in sebaceous glands in the back skin of adult male brown bears (Ursusarctos)

2018 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jumpei Tomiyasu ◽  
Yojiro Yanagawa ◽  
Yoshikazu Sato ◽  
Michito Shimozuru ◽  
Masashi Nagano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Ursus Arctos ◽  
Scent Marking ◽  
Plasma Testosterone ◽  
Sebaceous Glands ◽  
Brown Bears ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Breeding Seasons

Adult male brown bears (Ursus arctos Linnaeus, 1758) display tree-marking behavior to chemically signal their dominance throughout the nondenning period, and this behavior peaks during the breeding season. Within the scent-marking sequence, back rub is a core marking posture. The present study investigated (i) seasonal changes in sebaceous glands in the back skin of brown bears and (ii) the relationship between those changes and testosterone levels. Back skin tissue samples and blood were collected from captive adult intact and castrated males during prebreeding, transitional, breeding, and postbreeding seasons, which were concurrent with back skin observations. In intact males, during the transitional and breeding seasons, an oily secretion from the back skin was observed along with enlarged sebaceous glands. The plasma testosterone concentrations during the transitional and breeding seasons were increased compared with the pre- and post-breeding seasons. Secretions and enlarged sebaceous glands were not found in castrated males, and the plasma testosterone concentrations remained at baseline levels. Oily secretions of the back skin glands that appear more abundant during the breeding season are rubbed against trees. Changes in size and volume of sebaceous glands, and thus their secreting capacity, are likely testosterone-regulated.

scholarly journals Wolf Howling and Its Role in Territory Maintenance

Behaviour ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 68 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 207-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred H. Harrington ◽  
L. David Mech
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Scent Marking ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Low Profile ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
A Site

AbstractAn experimental study of the role of howling in wolf territory maintenance was conducted in the Superior National Forest, Minnesota. Vocal replies and behaviour of radio-collared wolves in response to human howls were analyzed for eight packs and 10 lone wolves during a 2-year period. Reply rate varied significantly throughout the year. A mid-winter increase was correlated with the breeding season, especially for groups containing breeding animals (alpha male or alpha female). A second, longer increase in reply rate started in midsummer, peaked about August, and declined to a low in early winter. The decline in autumn howling response occurred sooner in a pack whose pups developed faster. Through the year, the howling reply rate was significantly higher among all packs and lone wolves attending prey kills. The more food remaining at a kill, the higher the reply rate was. For wolves separated from their pack, the howling reply rate was dependent on their age and social role. Among adults, only alpha males ever replied alone, and their reply rate, and number of howls per session, exceeded those of other animals. Alpha males sometimes approached during howling sessions, whereas other adults usually retreated. Younger animals replied more often as pups than as yearlings, and then only during their first 7 months, after which they replied little more than most adults. Finally, larger packs replied more often than smaller packs. Specific behaviours noted during howling sessions, including movements away from the howler, indicated that howling was related to interpack agonism. In addition, three of the major factors influencing reply rate also significantly affect the level of agonism toward pack strangers : pack size, social role, and breeding season. The other two factors, kills and pups, are both important pack resources necessitating exclusive occupancy of a site. The high reply rates at sites containing kills or pups constitute strong circumstantial evidence that howling is important in territory maintenance. During howling sessions, wolves usually remained near their original site after replying, or retreated if they remained silent. This difference apparently was related to the problem of avoiding both accidental and deliberate encounters, and to cost/benefit considerations at the wolves' location. Howling was considered most effective in mediating avoidance in two situations : when two packs approached a common area of overlap, and when a pack returned to an area little used for weeks, in which scent posts would have lost effectiveness in deterring strangers. Both scent-marking and howling apparently are important in spacing. However, they differ in their roles and are complementary, with scent-marking being long-term and site-specific, and howling being immediate and long-range. Finally, lone wolves which do not possess territories, rarely replied, sharing the "low-profile" behaviour expected of surplus animals in a territorial population.

Étude du marquage olfactif chez la marmotte commune (Marmota monax) en captivité

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (8) ◽  
pp. 1720-1725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paule Hébert ◽  
Jacques Prescott
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
Scent Marking ◽  
Direct Relation ◽  
Agonistic Interactions ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Marmota Monax ◽  
Captive Group ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Similar Decrease ◽  
Breeding Status

The study of a captive group of woodchucks (Marmota monax) has confirmed the occurrence in this species of a cheek- and chin-rubbing behaviour associated with scent marking. The frequency of this behaviour is high in the spring breeding season and decreases markedly during summer, following a similar decrease in breeding activities. We found no direct relation between hierarchical status and scent-marking rates of individual woodchucks whereas a positive correlation was found between monthly rates of scent marking and agonistic interactions. Dominant individuals sometimes scent marked after agonistic encounters. Scent marking occurred most often during exploration and all individuals used the same marking sites: along paths between burrows and at burrow entrances. Despite the limitations imposed by our captivity conditions, our results seem to agree with the following hypotheses: (i) scent marking could contribute to inform conspecifics about the breeding status of each individual; (ii) in certain circumstances, it may constitute an agonistic signal and enhance the expression of dominance; (iii) it could contribute to the familiarization of the individual with its own environment.

Scent Marking Around the Breeding Season in Two Newly Formed Mexican Grey Wolf (Canis lupus baileyi) Pairs Kept in Captivity

2006 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-225
Author(s):  
I. Escobar-Ib ◽  
L. Mayagoitia . ◽  
C. Gonzalez-Rebeles . ◽  
R. Ramirez-Necoechea . ◽  
D. Mota . ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
Canis Lupus ◽  
Scent Marking ◽  
Grey Wolf ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Canis Lupus Baileyi

Behavioural interactions among Canada Lynx (Lynx canadensis) during pre-estrous

2021 ◽  
Vol 135 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-185
Author(s):  
Theodore N. Bailey ◽  
Brian N. Bailey
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Scent Marking ◽  
Lynx Lynx ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Lynx Canadensis ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Canada Lynx ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Behavioural Interactions

Information is lacking on the behaviour of free-roaming Canada Lynx (Lynx canadensis) during the breeding season, likely because they are rarely observed in the wild. Other wild solitary felid males compete with each other to mate with promiscuous females. However, the behavioural context or sequence of this competition among wild male Canada Lynx remains unreported. We describe the behaviour of three adult wild lynx during the breeding season. We observed the first two lynx together; an adult male and an inferred adult female remained together non agonistically for nearly 2 h before they were interrupted by another adult male. Our observation of interaction between the two males includes agonistic behaviours, vocalizations, scent marking, fighting, and a long-distance (1.7-km) expulsion of the intruding male lynx by the first male. These observations add to the limited information available on the social ecology of lynx during the breeding season.

Observation on the breeding biology of Polypedates teraiensis (Dubois, 1987) (Amphibia: Rhacophoridae)

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-32
Author(s):  
Jacinta Lalchhanhimi ◽  
Lalremsanga H.T.
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Sound Production ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Breeding Biology ◽  
Tree Frog ◽  
University Campus ◽  
Morphometric Measurements ◽  
Advertisement Calls ◽  
Males And Females

The breeding biology of tree frog, Polypedates teraiensis was studied during the breeding season at Mizoram University Campus. It was found that sound production by male during the breeding season was primarily a reproductive function and advertisement calls attract females to the breeding areas and announce other males that a given territory is occupied. The aim of this study was to provide the detailed information on the breeding behaviour and the advertisement calls of Polypedates teraiensis. The morphometric measurements of the amplecting pairs (males and females) for sexual dimorphism along with clutch sizes were also studied.

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