Individual Rationality and Real-World Strategic Interactions: Understanding the Competitive-Cooperative Spectrum

2018 ◽  
pp. 1039-1054
Author(s):  
Predrag T. Tošić
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Individual Rationality ◽  
Strategic Interactions

scholarly journals Fair Pairwise Exchange among Groups

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhaohong Sun ◽  
Taiki Todo ◽  
Toby Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Polynomial Time ◽  
Real World ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Polynomial Time Algorithm ◽  
Time Algorithm ◽  
Upper Bounds ◽  
Individual Rationality ◽  
Running Time ◽  
Graph Structures ◽  
Real World Applications

We study the pairwise organ exchange problem among groups motivated by real-world applications and consider two types of group formulations. Each group represents either a certain type of patient-donor pairs who are compatible with the same set of organs, or a set of patient-donor pairs who reside in the same region. We address a natural research question, which asks how to match a maximum number of pairwise compatible patient-donor pairs in a fair and individually rational way. We first propose a natural fairness concept that is applicable to both types of group formulations and design a polynomial-time algorithm that checks whether a matching exists that satisfies optimality, individual rationality, and fairness. We also present several running time upper bounds for computing such matchings for different graph structures.

CLIMATE POLICY IN PRACTICE: A TYPOLOGY OF OBSTACLES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR INTEGRATED ASSESSMENT MODELING

2014 ◽  
Vol 05 (01) ◽  
pp. 1440004 ◽  
Author(s):  
IRIS STAUB-KAMINSKI ◽  
ANNE ZIMMER ◽  
MICHAEL JAKOB ◽  
ROBERT MARSCHINSKI
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Real World ◽  
Integrated Assessment ◽  
Social Planner ◽  
Strategic Interactions ◽  
Economic Agents ◽  
Marginal Costs ◽  
Integrated Policy ◽  
Complementary Analysis ◽  
Mitigation Policies

The implementation of mitigation policies will be complicated by several real-world imperfections ("second-best conditions") and constraints typically not included in the more idealized economies assumed in Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs), based on which such policies are derived. But which of these numerous imperfections found in real economies are actually relevant in this context? And how could they — in principle — be taken into account by IAMs? Based on a literature review, we propose a typology of three categories of obstacles inhibiting "first-best" conditions and outcomes: first, obstacles impeding the setting of least-cost abatement incentives; second, obstacles limiting the supply and exploitation of abatement options; and, third, obstacles creating distortions between the price and marginal costs of abatement. By reviewing the implementation of energy policy in China, we put our typology into practice and identify specific empirical evidence for each category. IAMs in principle can (and in practice often do) incorporate several relevant obstacles by means of additional cost or quantity constraints. However, the nature of some obstacles relating to strategic interactions between economic agents appears to be incompatible with the standard representative agent social-planner framework often employed in IAMs, suggesting a need for complementary analysis with decentralized "Integrated Policy Assessment Models".

Formal Approaches to the Study of Terrorism

2019 ◽  
pp. 147-162
Author(s):  
Jacob N. Shapiro
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Strategic Interactions ◽  
Formal Organization ◽  
Terrorist Organizations ◽  
The Real ◽  
Terrorist Groups ◽  
Game Theoretic ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Observable Actions ◽  
Empirical Record

A large game-theoretic literature has developed to study terrorism. This literature has made significant contributions to the understanding of terrorism by providing a useful guide to parsing the empirical record, by helping to illuminate how seemingly puzzling behavior by terrorist organizations can be understood as the outcome of strategic interactions, and by providing some guidance to policy. Specifically, the formal literature helps provide plausible logically coherent explanations for seemingly anomalous patterns in the real world including: (1) there is more terrorism when the economy is bad, but terrorists themselves tend not to be poor; (2) terrorist groups often keep lots of paperwork, but sometimes they operate with little formal organization; (3) many states appear to tolerate low levels of terrorism they could stamp out and counterterrorism spending seems to over-emphasize publicly observable actions; (4) opposition groups often choose terrorism despite the fact that it seldom succeeds; and (5) bargaining with terrorists rarely succeeds in ending conflict. This brief piece focuses on explaining how the formal literature provides useful guidance for understanding these patterns.

scholarly journals Multi-Winner Contests for Strategic Diffusion in Social Networks

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 6154-6162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen Shen ◽  
Yang Feng ◽  
Cristina V. Lopes
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Media ◽  
Social Network ◽  
Real World ◽  
Numerical Experiments ◽  
Budget Constraint ◽  
Individual Rationality ◽  
Proper Design ◽  
Reward Mechanisms ◽  
The Way

Strategic diffusion encourages participants to take active roles in promoting stakeholders’ agendas by rewarding successful referrals. As social media continues to transform the way people communicate, strategic diffusion has become a powerful tool for stakeholders to influence people’s decisions or behaviors for desired objectives. Existing reward mechanisms for strategic diffusion are usually either vulnerable to falsename attacks or not individually rational for participants that have made successful referrals. Here, we introduce a novel multi-winner contests (MWC) mechanism for strategic diffusion in social networks. The MWC mechanism satisfies several desirable properties, including false-name-proofness, individual rationality, budget constraint, monotonicity, and subgraph constraint. Numerical experiments on four real-world social network datasets demonstrate that stakeholders can significantly boost participants’ aggregated efforts with proper design of competitions. Our work sheds light on how to design manipulation-resistant mechanisms with appropriate contests.

Replications can cause distorted belief in scientific progress

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michał Białek
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
The Public ◽  
Psychological Science

AbstractIf we want psychological science to have a meaningful real-world impact, it has to be trusted by the public. Scientific progress is noisy; accordingly, replications sometimes fail even for true findings. We need to communicate the acceptability of uncertainty to the public and our peers, to prevent psychology from being perceived as having nothing to say about reality.

Current Issues: Evidence-Based Practice for the Real World: Thoughts on Clinical Education in Communication Disorders

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 100-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne K. Bothe
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Education ◽  
Real World ◽  
Evidence Based Practice ◽  
Communication Disorders ◽  
University Faculty ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Speech Language Pathology ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
The Real ◽  
Language Pathology

This article presents some streamlined and intentionally oversimplified ideas about educating future communication disorders professionals to use some of the most basic principles of evidence-based practice. Working from a popular five-step approach, modifications are suggested that may make the ideas more accessible, and therefore more useful, for university faculty, other supervisors, and future professionals in speech-language pathology, audiology, and related fields.

Qualitative Case Study Research Design

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Tetnowski
Keyword(s):  
Research Design ◽  
Real World ◽  
Qualitative Case Study ◽  
Case Study Research ◽  
Study Research

Qualitative case study research can be a valuable tool for answering complex, real-world questions. This method is often misunderstood or neglected due to a lack of understanding by researchers and reviewers. This tutorial defines the characteristics of qualitative case study research and its application to a broader understanding of stuttering that cannot be defined through other methodologies. This article will describe ways that data can be collected and analyzed.

The Real-World Fellowship

2006 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
LEE SAVIO BEERS
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
The Real
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