Long-Term State- and Nation-Building in Europe

2018 ◽  
pp. 29-36
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Glatzer
Keyword(s):  
Nation Building

Between Unity and Diversity: The Construction of the Indonesian Nation

2006 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Meuleman
Keyword(s):  
Nation Building ◽  
New Order ◽  
Historical Approach ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
Building Process ◽  
Religion And Ethnicity ◽  
Role Of Religion

AbstractThis article studies the process of nation-building in Indonesia. Using a historical approach for the analysis of what is portrayed as a nonlinear, long-term process, it discusses relevant developments during the pre-colonial, colonial and post-colonial eras, with particular attention to the New Order and most recent periods. The analysis focuses on the complex relations between unity and diversity and highlights the multiplicity of frame-works within which inhabitants of the present Republic of Indonesia have constituted their identities, including national, transnational and subnational ones. Two questions that receive particular attention are the role of religion and the relations between the centre and various parts of the country. The article argues that various factors, including religion and ethnicity, have contributed to nation-building in specific circumstances, but have had contrary effects under other conditions. It also shows that progress and regression in nation-building has partially been the voluntary or involuntary effect of the tactical use governments and other political actors have made of manifold communal differences. It adds that the identity of Indonesian citizens becomes increasingly complex and trans- as well as subnational components increasingly important, but that this does not automatically imply the end of the nation-building process.

Staged Development in Xinjiang

2004 ◽  
Vol 178 ◽  
pp. 358-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Becquelin
Keyword(s):  
Nation Building ◽  
State Building ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Central State ◽  
The West ◽  
Autonomous Region ◽  
Territorial Integration ◽  
Strategic Goal

At the turn of the century, the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region moved from a phase of accelerated integration by the centre, which typified the decade of the 1990s, to a phase of consolidation of the advances made during this period. The intertwined dimensions of state building and nation building embedded in the campaign to Open Up the West respond to the long-term strategic goal of placating the threat of ethno-nationalist unrest. This “staged development” of Xinjiang reflects in essence a classic process of peripheral territorial integration by the central state. Yet, the dynamics of penetration and resistance between the centre and what still remains an indigenous periphery can be expected to generate at the same time both increased sinicization and increased ethno-national unrest.

Gender and the Wars of Nation-Building and Nation-Keeping in the Americas, 1830s–1870s

2020 ◽  
pp. 288-308
Author(s):  
Amy S. Greenberg
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
Mexican War ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Right To Privacy ◽  
Female Autonomy ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Right

The middle decades of the nineteenth century in the Americas were marked by dramatic warfare in the name of nationalism. The two most important conflicts were the US–Mexican War and the American Civil War. Both participants and observers interpreted the causes and outcomes of these most important conflicts as crucial to gender relations. As this chapter demonstrates, war and martial masculinity were often mutually reinforcing during wartime, while more restrained practices of manhood gained precedence after war’s end. Practices of womanhood were also shaped by the demands of war, leading in many cases to short-term increases in female autonomy and authority. In the long term, however, women rarely benefitted from the larger equation that citizenship was grounded in military sacrifice. Female subservience was ensured by a widespread division between public and private that granted authority and the right to privacy to male heads of households within their domains.

Vizcaínos

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Gil-Osle
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Early Modern Literature ◽  
Target Group ◽  
Modern Literature ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Modern Period

What a Vizcaíno is in the literature of the 16th and 17th centuries has always been a puzzle due to the different uses given to the word. The connotation of the term Vizcaíno can go from an insult similar to "thief," "traitor," even "Portuguese," to, in other cases, "stupid," "gregarious," or simply different. In other words, the Vizcaíno is a paradigmatic Other, which seems to have become an insider Other (nothing could be more enervating for some in Spain, or more nostalgic for others than the "insiderness" of this quintessential Other). And unfortunately, in this case, otherness has been the companion of both hate and nostalgia, which seem to be extreme emotional expressions that justify numerous slanders, acts of violence, and overcompensations. "The Vizcaíno effect" has become a systemic mark in the understanding of Spanish and Basque identities in the long process of nation building, probably based on the long term construction of misperceptions, miscommunications, and opportunistic manipulations of all sorts. These misperceptions are not far away from hate speech. Many times comments about Basques pass by as humoristic in our readings of the early modern literature, but perhaps it is pertinent to locate them as a part of the so-called "Triangular Hate Scale" (Sternberg, The Nature 217). First comes the verbal negation of intimacy with the target group, later passions are verbalized; finally there is a commitment to act and propagate the sentiment of hate (Sternberg, The Nature 217). In this article, I aim to make a reflexion about the expression of hate surrounding the basque speaker in the early modern period.

scholarly journals Contemporary Afghanistan Outlook: Between Counterinsurgency and Search of the Social Contract

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-138
Author(s):  
Andrius Bivainis
Keyword(s):  
Social Environment ◽  
Social Contract ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Governing System ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Bonn Agreement

Abstract This article is based on reassessment of the contemporary results of counterinsurgency and nation-building in Afghanistan. Nation-building initiatives have been started in the country since the Bonn agreement in December 2001. This agreement brought into reality the current governing system of Afghanistan. Counterinsurgency in Afghanistan has been initiated in full mode since 2009 after a sound success on Iraqi frontier. However, each operational area is bringing its own specifics into play. The same was with Afghanistan. The newly established constitutional presidential republic has faced with inheritance of unresolved sensitive ethnical identity issues, confrontation between different groups for self-governing authority and security of essential resources. These preconditions have brought a diversified and even confrontational social environment into reality. Prolonged military operations in Afghanistan could show that diversified social environment and misevaluated cultural heritage has led to misleading assumptions that centralized presidential governing system could become an effective ruling model for post-Taliban country. One of the key notions of this article is that historical lessons taught by long years of colonialist rule in Afghanistan has not been learned and misevaluation of diversified and confrontational local entities has brought another historical lesson of Afghan tribal resistance. More than that, diversified and confrontational entities of Afghanistan have not been a favorable subject for possible social contract. The term social contract was introduced as explanatory method of national political behavior and systemic structure by Jean Jacques Rousseau in 18th century Europe. Afghan society has become the subject to this model of political philosophy only as counterinsurgency campaign gained full capabilities around 2009. Reassessment of long term nation building efforts in this article is based on evaluation of Afghan social contract’s progress.

scholarly journals CONFLICTIZATION OF UKRAINIAN ETHNOCULTURAL SPACE AS THE OBJECT OF UKRAINIAN STUDIES

2019 ◽  
pp. 28-34
Author(s):  
Yuriy Fihurnyi
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
Ethnic Community ◽  
Christian Faith ◽  
Self Organization ◽  
Cultural Processes ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Common ◽  
Further Development

The article deals with the essence of Ukrainian ethnic, national and ethnocultural processes and their influence on the development of the Ukrainian ethnocultural space as an object of Ukrainian studies. Ethnic processes have been found to be sequential changes that have occurred and will occur with the Ukrainian people throughout their development and existence as a self-sufficient ethnic community, and are directly related to the ethnogenesis of Ukrainians. It is proved that nation-building processes are complex transformations that occur both in a regular order (evolutionary) and abrupt (revolutionary) and contribute to the formation of a nation, the highest form of political structuring of the ethnic group and its further development and self-organization, which eventually lead to political emergence. nation, and the creation of Ukrainian civil society. It is shown, that the Ukrainian ethno-cultural processes is a process of a long-term historical development, in which Ukrainians created on the territories of their existence an ethno-cultural space based on the common origin and territories of Ukrainians, the existence of traditional Ukrainian culture, the intriduction of the Christian faith. It was pointed out that the Ukrainian ethnocultural space includes a peculiar and unique complex of material and spiritual culture of the Ukrainian people created during a long time, and acquired originality and perfection. Eight “conflicting points” in Ukrainian ethnocultural development have been determined. The synergistic interaction of ethnic, state-forming, nation-forming and ethno-cultural processes contributed to the long-time consistent development of the Ukrainians from a small ethnic community lived in the Middle Dnieper as their core trerritiry to the modern nation whose representatves are living on different continents.

Nation-building projects through new capitals: from St. Petersburg to Yerevan and Astana

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 485-498
Author(s):  
Narek Mkrtchyan
Keyword(s):  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
Theoretical Concept ◽  
Building Projects ◽  
Capital Cities ◽  
Capital Building ◽  
Identity Transformations

The aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive explanation for the reasons behind governments' decisions to relocate and build new capital cities. The process of capital-building is not a mere phenomenon of urbanization; rather it is a process of “text inventing” for nation-building projects. To emphasize implications for identity behind city constructions, the paper will discuss urbanization practices of Soviet Yerevan and post-Soviet Astana. However, to verify the validity and generalizability of the proposed argument, the article will also briefly provide historical analysis of relocation of capitals from Moscow to St. Petersburg, and from Istanbul to Ankara. The reconstruction of the capital of Soviet Armenia, Yerevan, in the 1920s is important in understanding the role of Utopias in initiating identity transformations. The central conceptual premise of the article is Samuel Huntington's theoretical concept of a “torn country” and the redefinition of civilizational identity. One reason capitals have been relocated and new capitals have been built throughout history is a need to initiate a long-term transformation of identity.

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