Historical identity in the coordinate system of world development

The purpose of the article is to conceptualize the phenomena of «ethnic» and «national» identity and to determine the vectors of their development. Research methods are based on the fundamental principles of historical and cultural analysis. The methodological core of the research is a comparative analysis of ethnic and national identities in the chronotype as complex sociocultural systems. The scientific novelty lies in the conceptualization of the ethnonational identity dichotomy through the prism of the cultural code. It is substantiated that in the conditions of modern modernization, the ratio between the ethnic and national components of identity depends on the direction of their development vectors: a) when the vectors are parallel and equally oriented (for example, one of the ethnic communities monopolizes power), there is a reduction of national identity to ethnic one; b) when the vectors are parallel, but oppositely oriented (for example, when an ethnic community seeks to recognize its right to political self-determination), national identity collides with the interests of the ethnic community, entering into confrontation with it. Conclusions. Within the framework of constructivism, the phenomenon of ethnic identity is analyzed as a social construct and the factors of deviation from this model are revealed (in particular, adaptation to the environment, acculturation, violation of the demographic balance between different groups), causing its variability. The systemic characteristics and the main conceptual components of national identity (internal and external) are analyzed, factors of the weakening of social ties due to the processes of globalization, the growth of entropy, and information expansion in society are identified. Typical models of interaction of ethnic and national identities are considered. Keywords: ethnic identity, national identity, cultural code, ethnos, nation.

When Language Transfer is Negative

This paper analyses morpho-syntactic interference errors committed by learners of French as a foreign language in four Tanzanian universities: UDSM, UDOM, DUCE and Makumira. The paper has three specific objectives: (i) to identify morpho-syntactic interference errors, (ii) to account for their sources and (iii) to recommend a corrective treatment. The study included a total of 61 respondents. The data was collected through learners’ written texts in French from which a corpus was developed. The study was guided by the interlanguage theory and the error analysis approach. Data analysis was qualitative. The findings reveal that errors included the use of nouns with English origins (18.87%), omission of prepositions (36.79%) and absence of determiners (44.34%). The findings further show that these errors are due to previously acquired or learned languages: Swahili, ethnic community languages and English. Different recommendations are given following the findings. As regards the use of definite and indefinite articles in French, teachers should provide a guided reading of different French texts through which learners will be able to understand how articles are used. To master the use of prepositions, teachers should encourage learners to read a variety of texts in French as this can make them understand and internalize the different prepositions. Moreover, through regular exercises on word formation in French, learners may be able to familiarize themselves with French nouns, hence internalizing their forms. Finally, the learning of French nouns should be done in context.

Рідна мова vs мова повсякденного спілкування в оцінках українців

Native Language vs the Language of Everyday Communication in Ukrainians’ OpinionsThe Russian language is used every day by a lot of Ukrainians who consider their native language to be Ukrainian and who attribute themselves to the largest ethnic community. Based on a mass survey respondents from different regions of Ukraine, as well as focus group discussions with Ukrainian and Russian-speaking residents of Kyiv, Lviv, Odesa and Kharkiv, how linguistic and ethnic self-identifications of Ukrainians correlate with the actual choice of language for everyday and situational communication is analyzed. Ukrainians’ interpretations of the concept of “native language” and their explanations regarding what language they use and why in different situations and with different speakers is described. Język ojczysty a język komunikacji codziennej w opiniach UkraińcówJęzyk rosyjski jest używany na co dzień przez wielu Ukraińców, którzy uważają język ukraiński za swój język ojczysty i zgłaszają swój akces do najliczniejszej w kraju społeczności etnicznej. Analizę wyboru języka w komunikacji codziennej i sytuacyjnie nacechowanej wykonano zarówno na podstawie wyników uzyskanych z szeroko przeprowadzonych badań ankietowych w różnych regionach Ukrainy, jak również przy wykorzystaniu materiałów zgromadzonych w trakcie dyskusji prowadzonych z celowo dobranymi grupami ukraińsko- i rosyjskojęzycznych mieszkańców Kijowa, Lwowa, Odessy i Charkowa, w których rozmówcom zadawano pytanie, w jaki sposób językowa i etniczna samoidentyfikacja Ukraińców koreluje z faktycznym wyborem języka. W artykule przedstawiono sposoby interpretacji przez Ukraińców pojęcia „język ojczysty” oraz zasady, jakimi się kierują w doborze języka w zależności od sytuacji komunikacyjnej i typu rozmówcy.

Funeral Traditions in The Mat Lou Ethnic Culture in Lilinta Village, Raja Ampat Island

This study aims to determine the implementation of the funeral ceremony in the Mat Lou ethnic community in Lilinta Village, West Misool District, Raja Ampat Islands. This research was qualitative using the social phenomenology paradigm with a flow chart model analysis. Results of this research: The culture of Raja Ampat community, especially in Lilinta village, which is Islam as a majority, has been through a culture diffusion and transformed with the existing local culture to produce a new culture. The cultures which are still conducted in the performance of various death are Tahlilan that has differences on its implementation, lifting the corpse using Koi (beds) where the other region in Indonesia those activities are conducted using coffins, the differences in making tombstone and also bones bath (Sof Kabom) which has various myth symbols in it. Immigrants have a role in spreading culture to bring up the assimilation of new cultural traits and elements of the Lilinta community in the form of other rituals that complement the death ritual

Marhata Sinamot at Toba Ethnic Wedding Ceremony: Antropolinguistics Study

The scientific title is "Marhata Sinamot at the Toba Ethnic Wedding Ceremony: Anthropology Studies". This study aims to describe the performance, indexicality and participation of Marhata Sinamot at the Toba Ethnic Wedding Ceremony. The theory used to analyze the research data is the anthropolinguistic theory proposed by Duranti. By using descriptive method. The results obtained from this study are the performance in the Marhata Sinamot traditional ceremony in the Toba Ethnic community in general, namely Marhata Sinamot. In the Toba Batak community there are signs that are used as indexicality in the Marhata Sinamot traditional ceremony, namely, (1) traditional clothes, (2) ulos. And participants in the Marhata Sinamot ceremony have Dalihan Na Tolu, namely (1) Hula-hula, (2) Bone paranak, (3) Bone parboru, (4) Boru, (5) Dongan tubu, (6) Bere paranak, (7) Bere perboru and (8) Dongan Sahuta.

Sociocultural determinants of reproductive behaviour of ethnic groups

The article is devoted to consideration of sociocultural determinants of reproductive behavior of ethnic groups. Sociocultural determinants are those conditions (circumstances) that affect the nature of reproductive behavior of ethnic groups. These include social, economic and worldview factors. Depending on how the culture of ethnic community changes, the content of these factors changes. The gender and regional dimension is important in this case.

On the formation of the Roma (Gypsy) ethnos

The author attempts to consider the history and dynamics of the formation of the Roma (Gypsy) a result of different impacts between the local population and the publiceconomic institutions of those countries, where Roma (Gypsy) lived temporarily or permanently; how ethnic contacts were established; reasons, results and post-effects of the enemy conquests of the territories, where Gypsies settled for good causing mandatory and natural changes in the language, traditions and customs, as well as religion. The issue of the ethno-genesis of the Roma/Gypsy – the process of the formation of this given ethnic community on the basis of various ethnic components – does not lose its relevance. Discussing this topic, the author revises the issue of the Indian origin of the ancestors of modern Roma in the light of new achievements in the field of genetics and the obtained irrefutable evidence that allows to put forward as one of the hypothesis the ability of Roma/Gypsy for genetic resistance, which helped them to preserve their mentality, traditions and customs, the foundations of customary law, without losing their native language. The author also touches upon the issue of defining the type of Gypsy social structure and culture, which often arises in the cases when the Gypsies are seen as exclusively nomadic people. The author puts forward his hypothesis regarding the word ‘nomadic‘ used in relation to the Gypsies.

A break of tradition: the case of deported ukrainians from Western Boykivshchyna in 1947

In this article, based on the materials of the author’s search ethnographic expeditions аnd published works, by the example of ritual culture the result of breaking tradition of Ukrainians from Western Boykivshchyna, who were displaced within the framework of ’Operation Vistula’ have been analysed. It was the forced resettlement of approximately 150,000 Ukrainians and mixed Polish-Ukrainian families from the territory of Rzeszów, Lublin and Krakow provinces (Voivodeships) to the western and northern territories of Poland (1947–1950). After the deportation of the Ukrainians, the processes of accelerated breaking of both their the way of life and the unique world of traditional culture with its archaic customs and rites have begun. This was actively facilitated by local government policies aimed at inciting inter-ethnic tensions, creating difficult relations with representatives of various regional groups of the Polish ethnic community, as well as censure and ridicule of the traditional elements of the folk culture of re-settlers by their neighbors. Nevertheless, with the help of tradition (in ritual form or in form of their memories), re-settlers from Western Boykivshchyna continue to keep memory of their own (non) traumatic past, and, based on it, construct their own identity in the perspective of modernity.