Analyzing and Enhancing Processing Speed of K-Medoid Algorithm Using Efficient Large Scale Processing Frameworks

Studies of lexical processing have relied heavily on adult ratings of word learning age or age of acquisition, which have been shown to be strongly predictive of processing speed. This study reports a set of objective norms derived in a large-scale study of British children's naming of 297 pictured objects (including 232 from the Snodgrass & Vanderwart, 1980, set). In addition, data were obtained on measures of rated age of acquisition, rated frequency, imageability, object familiarity, picture-name agreement, and name agreement. We discuss the relationship between the objective measure and adult ratings of word learning age. Objective measures should be used when available, but where not, our data suggest that adult ratings provide a reliable and valid measure of real word learning age.

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State-dependent control of cortical processing speed via gain modulation

10.1101/2020.04.07.030700 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

David Wyrick ◽

Luca Mazzucato

Keyword(s):

Information Processing ◽

Processing Speed ◽

Visual Processing ◽

Large Scale ◽

Internal State ◽

Gain Modulation ◽

Cell Type ◽

Information Processing Speed ◽

Afferent Projections ◽

Cell Type Specific

AbstractTo thrive in dynamic environments, animals can generate flexible behavior and rapidly adapt responses to a changing context and internal state. Examples of behavioral flexibility include faster stimulus responses when attentive and slower responses when distracted. Contextual modulations may occur early in the cortical hierarchy and may be implemented via afferent projections from top-down pathways or neuromodulation onto sensory cortex. However, the computational mechanisms mediating the effects of such projections are not known. Here, we investigate the effects of afferent projections on the information processing speed of cortical circuits. Using a biologically plausible model based on recurrent networks of excitatory and inhibitory neurons arranged in cluster, we classify the effects of cell-type specific perturbations on the circuit’s stimulus-processing capability. We found that perturbations differentially controlled processing speed, leading to counter-intuitive effects such as improved performance with increased input variance. Our theory explains the effects of all perturbations in terms of gain modulation, which controls the timescale of the circuit dynamics. We tested our model using large-scale electrophysiological recordings from the visual hierarchy in freely running mice, where a decrease in single-cell gain during locomotion explained the observed acceleration of visual processing speed. Our results establish a novel theory of cell-type specific perturbations linking connectivity, dynamics, and information processing via gain modulations.

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Associations between Processing Speed and Psychopathology in a Transdiagnostic, Pediatric Sample

10.1101/743021 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Eliza Kramer ◽

Bonhwang Koo ◽

Anita Restrepo ◽

Maki Koyama ◽

Rebecca Neuhaus ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Learning Disabilities ◽

Processing Speed ◽

Large Scale ◽

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Mental Health Disorders ◽

Autism Spectrum ◽

Prior Work ◽

Health Disorders ◽

Specific Learning

ABSTRACTObjectiveThe present study sought to examine the relationships between processing speed (PS), mental health disorders, and learning disorders. Prior work has tended to explore relationships between PS deficits and individual diagnoses (i.e., anxiety, autism, ADHD, depressive) in isolation of one another, often relying on relatively modest sample sizes. In contrast, the present work simultaneously investigated associations between PS deficits and these diagnoses, along with specific learning disabilities (i.e., reading, math), in a large-scale, transdiagnostic, community self-referred sample.MethodA total of 843 children, ages 8-16 were included from the Healthy Brain Network (HBN) Biobank. Given the presence of four PS tasks in HBN, principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to create a composite measure that represented the shared variance of the four PS tasks, referred to as PC1. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) between the four PS measures, as well as PC1, were calculated to assess reliability. We then used multiple linear regression models to assess specific relationships between PS deficits and psychiatric diagnoses.ResultsICCs were moderate between WISC-V tasks (0.663), and relatively modest between NIH Toolbox Pattern Comparison and other PS scales (0.14-0.27). Regression analyses revealed specific significant relationships between PS and reading and math disabilities, ADHD-inattentive type (ADHD-I), and ADHD-combined type (ADHD-C). Secondary analyses accounting for inattention dimensionally diminished associations with ADHD-C, but not ADHD-I or specific learning disability subtypes. The present study did not find a significant relationship with Autism Spectrum Disorder after accounting for inattentive symptoms. Consistent with prior work, demographic variables, including sex, socioeconomic status, and motor control exhibited independent relationships with PC1 as well.DiscussionThis study provided a comprehensive examination of PS, mental health disorders, and learning disabilities through a transdiagnostic approach. Implications for understanding how PS interacts with a highly heterogeneous childhood sample, as well as the need for increased focus on detection of affected populations are discussed.

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Trying to make it work: Compositional effects in the processing of compound "nonwords"

10.31234/osf.io/72szg ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Fritz Guenther ◽

Marco Marelli

Keyword(s):

Processing Speed ◽

Large Scale ◽

Response Times ◽

Daily Basis ◽

Distributional Semantics ◽

Compositional Process ◽

Lexical Decisions ◽

Semantic Compositionality ◽

Compositional Effects ◽

New Compounds

Speakers of languages with synchronically productive compounding systems, such as English, are likely to encounter new compounds on a daily basis. These can only be useful for communication if speakers are able to rapidly compose their meanings. However, while compositional meanings can be obtained for some novel compounds such as "bridgemill", this is far harder for others such as "radiosauce"; accordingly, processing speed should be affected by the ease of such a compositional process. To rigorously test this hypothesis, we employed a fully implemented computational model based on distributional semantics to quantitatively measure the degree of semantic compositionality of novel compounds. In two large-scale studies, we collected timed sensibility judgments and lexical decisions for hundreds of morphologically-structured nonwords in English. Response times were predicted by the constituents' semantic contribution to the compositional process, with slower rejections for more compositional nonwords. We found no indication of a difference in these compositional effects between the tasks, suggesting that speakers automatically engage in a compositional process whenever they encounter morphologically-structured stimuli, even when it is not required by the task at hand. Such compositional effects in the processing of novel compounds have important implications for studies that employ such stimuli as filler material or "nonwords", since response times for these items can differ greatly depending on their compositionality.

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Large-scale assessment of 7-11-year-olds’ cognitive and sensorimotor function within the Born in Bradford longitudinal birth cohort study

Wellcome Open Research ◽

10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16429.1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

pp. 53

Author(s):

Liam JB Hill ◽

Katy A Shire ◽

Richard J Allen ◽

Kirsty Crossley ◽

Megan L Wood ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Working Memory ◽

Processing Speed ◽

Task Difficulty ◽

Large Scale ◽

Birth Cohort Study ◽

Age Group ◽

Physical And Mental Health ◽

Born In Bradford ◽

Group Variation ◽

And Task

Background: Cognitive ability and sensorimotor function are crucial aspects of children’s development, and are associated with physical and mental health outcomes and educational attainment. The current project forms part of the Born in Bradford (BiB) longitudinal birth-cohort study, and involved measuring sensorimotor and cognitive function in over 15,000 children aged 7-10 years. This paper describes the large-scale data collection process and presents initial analyses of the data, including the relationship between cognition/sensorimotor ability and age and task difficulty, and associations between tasks. Method: Data collection was completed in 86 schools between May 2016 and July 2019. Children were tested at school, individually, using a tablet computer with a digital stylus or finger touch for input. Assessments comprised a battery of three sensorimotor tasks (Tracking, Aiming, & Steering) and five cognitive tasks (three Working Memory tasks, Inhibition, and Processing Speed), which took approximately 40 minutes. Results: Performance improved with increasing age and decreasing task difficulty, for each task. Performance on all three sensorimotor tasks was correlated, as was performance on the three working memory tasks. In addition, performance on a composite working memory score correlated with performance on both inhibition and processing speed. Interestingly, within age-group variation was much larger than between age-group variation. Conclusions: The current project collected computerised measures of a range of cognitive and sensorimotor functions at 7-10 years of age in over 15,000 children. Performance varied as expected by age and task difficulty, and showed the predicted correlations between related tasks. Large within-age group variation highlights the need to consider the profile of individual children in studying cognitive and sensorimotor development. These data can be linked to the wider BiB dataset including measures of physical and mental health, biomarkers and genome-wide data, socio-demographic information, and routine data from local health and education services.

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Concurrent Binary Trees (with application to longest edge bisection)

Proceedings of the ACM on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques ◽

10.1145/3406186 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 1-20

Author(s):

Jonathan Dupuy

Keyword(s):

Processing Speed ◽

Binary Tree ◽

Large Scale ◽

Binary Search ◽

Parallel Processors ◽

Leaf Node ◽

Binary Trees ◽

Bitwise Operations

We introduce the concurrent binary tree (CBT), a novel concurrent representation to build and update arbitrary binary trees in parallel. Fundamentally, our representation consists of a binary heap, i.e., a 1D array, that explicitly stores the sum-reduction tree of a bitfield. In this bitfield, each one-valued bit represents a leaf node of the binary tree encoded by the CBT, which we locate algorithmically using a binary-search over the sum-reduction. We show that this construction allows to dispatch down to one thread per leaf node and that, in turn, these threads can safely split and/or remove nodes concurrently via simple bitwise operations over the bitfield. The practical benefit of CBTs lies in their ability to accelerate binary-tree-based algorithms with parallel processors. To support this claim, we leverage our representation to accelerate a longest-edge-bisection-based algorithm that computes and renders adaptive geometry for large-scale terrains entirely on the GPU. For this specific algorithm, the CBT accelerates processing speed linearly with the number of processors.

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Is Obesity Related to Processing Speed Impairment in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: Results of a Large-Scale, Multicenter Study

Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology ◽

10.1093/arclin/acaa003 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 35 (5) ◽

pp. 506-510

Author(s):

Rachel Galioto ◽

Devon S Conway ◽

Sarah M Planchon ◽

Stephen M Rao

Keyword(s):

Multiple Sclerosis ◽

Processing Speed ◽

Large Scale ◽

Clinical Care ◽

Patient Characteristics ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Specific Patient ◽

Speed Test ◽

Electronic Implementation ◽

One Way Anova

Abstract Background Obesity is linked to greater physical disability and increased comorbidities among patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Its contribution to cognition in this group is unclear. This observational study examines the link between obesity and processing speed in a large sample of patients with MS (PwMS). Methods As part of routine clinical care at our center, PwMS completed the Processing Speed Test (PST), an electronic implementation of the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT). Height and weight were used to calculate body mass index (BMI). Bivariate correlations were conducted to examine the association between PST and BMI in the group overall and in subgroups based on demographic and clinical variables. A one-way ANOVA examined differences in PST by BMI categories (normal weight, overweight, obese). Results The sample included 8,713 patients. No association between PST and BMI was found in the entire sample (r = .01), nor within subgroups based on demographic and disease variables. No difference in PST score was found between BMI categories. Conclusions No association between BMI and processing speed was found among PwMS regardless of demographic or disease-specific patient characteristics.

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An FPGA-Based Quantum Computing Emulation Framework Based on Serial-Parallel Architecture

International Journal of Reconfigurable Computing ◽

10.1155/2016/5718124 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-18 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Y. H. Lee ◽

M. Khalil-Hani ◽

M. N. Marsono

Keyword(s):

Processing Speed ◽

Large Scale ◽

Quantum Algorithms ◽

Parallel Architecture ◽

Quantum Systems ◽

Quantum Circuits ◽

Proof Of Concept ◽

Hardware Emulation ◽

Field Programmable ◽

Speed Up

Hardware emulation of quantum systems can mimic more efficiently the parallel behaviour of quantum computations, thus allowing higher processing speed-up than software simulations. In this paper, an efficient hardware emulation method that employs a serial-parallel hardware architecture targeted for field programmable gate array (FPGA) is proposed. Quantum Fourier transform and Grover’s search are chosen as case studies in this work since they are the core of many useful quantum algorithms. Experimental work shows that, with the proposed emulation architecture, a linear reduction in resource utilization is attained against the pipeline implementations proposed in prior works. The proposed work contributes to the formulation of a proof-of-concept baseline FPGA emulation framework with optimization on datapath designs that can be extended to emulate practical large-scale quantum circuits.

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Continuous Winding Technology for Specific Closed Structural Components

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.825-826.687 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 825-826 ◽

pp. 687-694 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Rainer Wallasch ◽

Ramon Tirschmann

Keyword(s):

Cross Sections ◽

Processing Speed ◽

Mass Production ◽

Large Scale ◽

Scale Production ◽

Structural Components ◽

Fiber Reinforced ◽

Pilot Studies ◽

Large Scale Production ◽

Modular Concept

Since energy resources are limited, there is a strong need for efficient technologies, which are suitable for large scale production. Therefore, an innovative Continuous Orbital Winding Technology was developed within the Federal Cluster of Excellence EXC 1075 “MERGE Technologies for Multifunctional Lightweight Structures” at TU Chemnitz. This continuous orbital winding (COW) technology is aiming for mass-production-suited processing of special semi-finished fiber reinforced thermoplastic materials. The new process chain and modular concept allows the implementation of other technologies and special applications, e.g. sensor integration. The COW process is a combination of thermoplastic tape winding and automated thermoplastic tape laying technology.The technological aim is to produce structural components with variable closed cross sections having rotationally symmetric and asymmetric sections. In addition, the machine concept is specifically designed to realize flexible layer constructions. The experimental part geometry was determined and it is intended to carry out pilot studies in order to validate the functionality.The key challenge is the desired processing speed for mass production. Therefore, an exemplary cross-section contour has been derived and used for the realization of the demonstrative concept. In this special concept the number of discontinuous moved assembly units was reduced. Furthermore, the appropriate and effective drive system was dimensioned by using inverse kinematics.For the fundamental experiments unidirectional fiber reinforced thermoplastic tapes are used. These investigations imply the level of consolidation in critical areas. The achievable maximum processing speed is of prime importance. These results will be used for further optimizations and specifications.

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MODEL HALAMAN TUNGGAL UNTUK PENINGKATAN KINERJA APLIKASI PEREKAMAN DATA PENUGASAN JABATAN STRUKTURAL

KLIK - KUMPULAN JURNAL ILMU KOMPUTER ◽

10.20527/klik.v4i1.81 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 112

Author(s):

Husni Thamrin

Keyword(s):

Information System ◽

Processing Speed ◽

Web Application ◽

Large Scale ◽

Web Pages ◽

Data Recording ◽

Key Factors ◽

Job Assignment ◽

Web Based ◽

Long Time

Convenience is one of the key factors that support the success of information system implementation, and it is affected by how the system supports users to quickly get their job done. For the case of institution XYZ, the process of data recording of a managerial mutation requires a number of steps. System operators found it cumbersome to go through too many steps when recording such data because it takes a long time to complete the task. The situation is exacerbated for recording a decree with several job assignment changes. To overcome this problem, we have developed an application that applies single page model and replaced the legacy system that applies standard web pages. The use of a single page web-based applications reduces the amount of data that are transferred between client and server so it is more efficient in terms of processing speed compared to the standard web application. The implementation of single page application in institution XYZ drops the number of data transfered to the level of 62% for recording a single job assignment. The percentage level is smaller when a process contains a lot of job assignment, as happened in the case of large-scale mutation.Keywords: single page application, job assignment, information systemKenyamanan penggunaan sistem informasi merupakan salah satu faktor kesuksesan implementasi sistem, dan hal ini dipengaruhi oleh dukungan sistem agar pengguna dapat menyelesaikan pekerjaan dengan cepat. Proses perekaman data pergantian jabatan struktural pada aplikasi yang diterapkan di lembaga XYZ memerlukan beberapa tahap aktivitas untuk setiap data jabatan baru. Teknik ini memberi masalah terutama ketika merekam sebuah surat keputusan dengan banyak perubahan data penugasan, yaitu lamanya waktu untuk menyelesaikan pekerjaan. Untuk mengatasi permasalahan tersebut, diterapkan model halaman tunggal menggantikan model halaman web standar. Penggunaan model halaman tunggal pada aplikasi berbasis web mengurangi jumlah data yang harus ditransfer antara server dan client sehingga lebih efisien dari segi kecepatan proses dibanding penerapan model halaman standar. Pada aplikasi yang diterapkan di lembaga XYZ, perekaman satu data jabatan dengan model halaman tunggal memerlukan hanya 62% jumlah data yang ditransfer antara client dan server. Prosentase akan mengecil jika sebuah proses mengandung banyak data penugasan, seperti yang terjadi dalam kasus mutasi jabatan besar-besaran.Kata kunci: aplikasi halaman tunggal, single page application, penugasan jabatan, sistem informasi

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