Modern Methods for Assessing the Self-cleaning Capacity of Marine Ecosystems in Shallow Waters of the Black Sea: Ports, Bays, Estuaries

2020 ◽  
pp. 143-178
Author(s):  
Konstantin Pokazeev ◽  
Elena Sovga ◽  
Tatiana Chaplina
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Marine Ecosystems ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Shallow Waters ◽  
Modern Methods ◽  
Sea Ports ◽  
Self Cleaning

Causes and Consequences of the Black Sea Ecosystem Pollution with Petroleum Products

2020 ◽  
pp. 29-44
Author(s):  
Bogdan Cioruța ◽  
Diana Mădăras ◽  
Mirela Coman
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Marine Protected Areas ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Marine Ecosystems ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Oil Pipeline

Until the beginning of the 21st century concerns related to the management of protected areas have been reduced to the voluntary initiatives of nature lovers, rarely materializing in specific conservation measures carried out by the authorities or administrators of those areas. As the concern for the management of protected areas is relatively new in Romania and the information related to this subject is relatively scarce, especially those regarding marine ecosystems, we considered necessary this study on the management of marine protected areas in relation to oil pollution. Marine protected areas, in particular, delimited as areas where the main purpose is the protection of nature and cultural values, are important for all segments of society. They have great potential to become models of harmonious society development, promoting more than other protected areas the sustainable resource management. At the same time, the management measures promoted, sometimes imposed, can affect the communities inside or in the immediate vicinity of the areas, and can significantly influence the development of the economy. Recently (as a reference 1970-2020), the pollution of the marine environment with petroleum products has gained dramatic accents. The maritime transport of oil, the exploration and exploitation of marine deposits, their processing in refineries located in the vicinity of the coastal area, to which are added other anthropogenic activities, have generated and still generate a number of risk factors, which involve numerous pollution incidents. Navigation accidents of large oil tanks or incidents at offshore drilling rigs caused, in the same period, major environmental disasters, with the most severe consequences. Marine ecosystems in polluted regions have thus suffered major losses and disturbances, which have been felt for a long time. Through this paper we aim to review some aspects of oil pipeline pollution of the Planetary Ocean, respectively the associated pollution in the Black Sea ecosystem. Following the analyzes carried out on the basis of the data from the consulted literature, as well as following other observations, we came to the conclusion that the protected areas associated with the Black Sea, as well as the marine ecosystem itself, are far from being affected by such accidents.

scholarly journals Biodiversity in the Black Sea - ecological Study from the Perspective of Romanian philately

2021 ◽  
pp. 35-50
Author(s):  
Bogdan-Vasile Cioruța ◽  
Alexandru Leonard Pop ◽  
Mirela Coman
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Marine Protected Areas ◽  
General Public ◽  
Ecological Study ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Marine Ecosystems ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Postage Stamps

As the concern for the management of protected areas is relatively new in Romania, and the information related to this topic is relatively scarce, especially those on marine ecosystems, we considered necessary this study on the management of marine protected areas with specific biodiversity illustrated by philately. Marine protected areas, in particular, delimited as areas where the main purpose is the protection of nature and cultural values, are important for all segments of society. Through this paper, we aimed to review several aspects, ecological and philatelic alike, regarding the specific biodiversity of the Black Sea ecosystem. Following the analyzes performed on account of the data from the consulted specialized literature (in the form of postage stamps, FDCs, occasional envelopes, and maximum postcards, but also other philatelic effects), as well as as a result of other observations (with catalogs and sites with philatelic content), we concluded that the biodiversity of the Black Sea, as well as the marine ecosystem itself, are relatively well represented in Romanian philately. The four philatelic issues illustrate crustaceans, mollusks, corals, and anemones, but also other species, all being to the liking of the general public in terms of information and promotion.

scholarly journals Requirements to acceptable operational conditions of M-SP4.5-class ships and their possible revision. Case study: operation of M-SP4.5-class ships in the Black Sea and in the Caspian

2019 ◽  
pp. 53-58
Author(s):  
Yuriy Efimenkov ◽  
Irina Onishchenko
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Wave Loads ◽  
Operational Conditions ◽  
Local Wave ◽  
Sea Ports ◽  
Russian River ◽  
Global And Local

This paper analyses operational requirements to M-SP4.5-class ships and shows that their acceptable operational conditions are mostly determined by global and local wave loads. Following their optimal navigation routes in the Black Sea and in the Caspian, these ships go somewhat farther from their shelters than recommended. The study confirms that M-SP4.5-class ships can be used at optimal shipping lanes between Russian Black Sea ports and the Bosporus and that their actual acceptable distance from shelters depends on wave directions. The paper suggests revision of Russian River Register rules in terms of global wave loads acceptable for M-SP4.5-class ships operation at arbitrary routes in the Caspian.

scholarly journals New considerations regarding underwater noise in Black Sea

2018 ◽  
Vol XIX (1) ◽  
pp. 381-392
Author(s):  
Pricop M
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Coherence Function ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Measuring System ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Shallow Waters ◽  
Underwater Noise ◽  
Noise Sources ◽  
Acoustic Signature

The development and standardization of measurement techniques for underwater noise sources are important to both military and civil fields regarding the reduction of sound emitted by commercial and military ships. This paper presents new analysis of the acoustic signature of a small vessel during a voyage in the Black Sea. The measurements were made when the ship was moored in shallow waters. The measuring system had 3 hydrophones that were positioned at different depths. Using the coherence function, it was determined the correlation between the recordings. The results were analysed to determine the acoustic signature of the ship. Thermal variations of sea water and effects of sound reflection from the bottom of the sea were taken into account. Conclusions have been made regarding the utility of this type of analysis and the levels of underwater noise in the shallow waters of the Black Sea.

SEA-PORT CONSTRUCTION IMPACT ON LIMAN NATURE ALONG THE BLACK SEA COASTAL ENVIRONMENT

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Р. Перерайс ◽  
R. Pererays
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Coastal Environment ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Shore Protection ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
New Construction ◽  
Sea Ports ◽  
Wave Erosion ◽  
Port Construction

Construction of sea-ports in limanic aquathory along the Northern Black Sea coast have prefer impact on the coastal environment. Especially deep impact have liman bottom artificial deepening, liman slopes artificial reconstruction, navigate canals, jetties of different sizes, ground dumps etc. Typical examples are Odessa, Ill'ichevsk, Yuzhniy commercial sea-ports in northern sector of the Black Sea. On shores nearest Port Yuzhniy jetties was firstly employed new construction against sea wave erosion. This new artificial shore terrace, that consist of natural matherials, expressed as shore protection, purification of sea water, needless ground depot, new shore territory and squire for recreants simultaneous.

scholarly journals The Black Sea ports - the eastern maritime gates of Europe

2018 ◽  
Vol XIX (1) ◽  
pp. 583-592
Author(s):  
Bosneagu R.
Keyword(s):  
Production Process ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Entry And Exit ◽  
Economic Unit ◽  
Classical Definition ◽  
Waves And Currents ◽  
Sea Ports

The port is a place situated on the shore of a sea, river or another waterway, protected by waves and currents, equipped with all the facilities necessary for the mooring, loading, unloading, and repairing of ships. Today, however, the modern seaport exceeds this classical definition, it is a specialized shipping infrastructure, being a complex economic unit with a wider commercial and industrial function than the production process of the major international commercial companies. Black Sea ports are the eastern maritime frontier of Europe, essential gates for entry and exit of imported and exported goods, the eastern maritime facade of Europe.

scholarly journals Wind-induced sea level fluctuations at Yuzhnyi and Chornomorsk sea ports and evaluation of the possibility of their forecast

2018 ◽  
pp. 100-106
Author(s):  
R. V. Gavrilyuk ◽  
N. M. Yuvchenko
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Coastal Area ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The South ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Wind Characteristics ◽  
Sea Ports

The sea level of the Black Sea coastal area is subject to non-periodic wind-induced fluctuations. Such fluctuations affect economic activity of the sea ports, enterprises and businesses located within the coastal area while those may be flooded when the sea level rises and, on the contrary, there is a threat of vessels grounding in case of sea level fall. There are several big sea ports which are located at the north-western part of the Black Sea and affected by wind-induced fluctuations. Therefore, the study of these processes and development of methods allowing their forecast are of great practical interest and this fact proves the topicality of the conducted research. The article's aim is to analyse wind-induced fluctuations within the water area of Yuzhnyi and Chornomorsk sea ports, identify statistical links between such fluctuations and wind characteristics / equations used for calculation of their values. The observations at Chornomorsk (2006-2013) and Yuzhnyi (2000-2011) stations show that within a year there are 1-2 upsurge-downsurge occurrences during an average month, however, the number of those increases up to 3-4 over the autumn-winter period. The average sea level rise at Chornomorsk station is equal to 34 cm, the average sea level fall – 38 cm, maximum values amount to 97 cm and 191 cm, respectively. The average sea level rise at Yuzhnyi station is equal to 30 cm, the average sea level fall – 34 cm, maximum values amount to 91 and 98 cm, respectively. The average duration of wind-induced fluctuations at both stations amount to 34-38 hours. In most cases the sea level rise is observed at Chornomosk station when winds blow from the South and the South-East, at Yuzhnyi station  – when those blow from the South, the South-East and the South-West. The sea level fall is observed at Chornomosk station when winds blow from the North-West and the West, at Yuzhnyi station – when those blow from the North, the North-West and the North-East. Both stations are characterized with effective directions of wind causing occurrence of upsurge-downsurges. Based on the regression analysis equations for calculation of the sea level rise and fall values associated with wind characteristics were defined. The initial value of the sea level and the sum of the wind projections on effective directions for previous 30 hours are used as arguments in the equations. The accuracy of equation-based calculation constitutes 60-90%. The article offers recommendations on the use of equations when forecasting wind-induced fluctuations.

scholarly journals Warmer winters causes an increase of chlorophyll-a concentration in deeper layers: the opposite role of convection and self-shading on the example of the Black Sea

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena A. Kubryakova ◽  
Arseny A. Kubryakov
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Light Attenuation ◽  
The Self ◽  
Lower Amount ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Chlorophyll A Concentration ◽  
Warm Winter ◽  
Chlorophyll Maximum ◽  
Subsurface Chlorophyll Maximum

Abstract. Winter vertical entrainment of deep waters determines not only the amount of nutrients in the upper layers, but also the light conditions in it, through the self-shading mechanism. In this paper, we use Bio-Argo data to demonstrate significant differences in the vertical distribution of chlorophyll-a concentration (Chl) in the Black Sea between a year with cold winter (2017) and a year with warm winter (2016). Stronger vertical entrainment of nutrient-rich waters from deeper isopycnal layers in cold 2017 caused an increase of Chl in winter up to 0.6–0.7 mg/m3 compared to a warm winter of 2016, when Chl was only 0.4–0.5 mg/m3. Further, during almost the whole year from February to October Chl in the upper 0–40 m layer of cold 2017 year was on 0.1–0.2 mg/m3 higher than in 2016. This rise of Chl in 2017 led to an increase in light attenuation due to the self-shading effect. In contrast, in warm 2016 with a lower amount of nutrients light attenuation decreased and the irradiance reached deeper isopycnals layers with a higher amount of nutrients. As a result, in warm 2016 the subsurface chlorophyll maximum deepens and the values of Chl in 40–60 m layers were significantly higher than in 2017. The maximum positive difference in this layer (0.5 mg/m3) was observed during a summer seasonal peak of irradiance due to the largest increase of light attenuation in the summer of 2017. As a result, the column-averaged yearly values of Chl in warm 2016 and cold 2017 were comparable. However, in the year with intense winter mixing upper layers are more productive, while in the year with low winter vertical mixing, subsurface chlorophyll maximum widens and reaches deeper layers. These results show that the observed long-term warming may lead to the continuous deepening of the subsurface chlorophyll maximum in the ocean.

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