Microbes’ Many Roles in Climate Change: Contribution, Consequence, Mitigation, and Model System

Abstract Resistance and resilience have become important concepts in the evaluation of disturbance events, providing a framework that is useful in light of the expected increase in frequency and occurrences of hurricanes as a consequence of climate change. Hurricane Maria landed on Puerto Rico as a category 4 storm in September of 2017. Among the affected elements were agricultural systems, including coffee agroecosystems. Historically, coffee has been a major backbone of the island’s agricultural sector. Grown with a range of management styles, the coffee agroecosystem provides an excellent model system to study the resistance/resilience of agroecosystems faced with hurricane disturbance. Sampling 28 farms and comparing pre-hurricane data (2013) with post hurricane data we find that management style had only a small effect on either resistance or resilience, likely due to the especially strong nature of the storm. Rather, the socio-political context of individual farms seems to be a more useful predictor of resilience.

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Projected climate change scenario over California by a regional ocean–atmosphere coupled model system

Climatic Change ◽

10.1007/s10584-013-1025-8 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 122 (4) ◽

pp. 609-619 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Haiqin Li ◽

Masao Kanamitsu ◽

Song-You Hong ◽

Kei Yoshimura ◽

Daniel R. Cayan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Climate Change Scenario ◽

Coupled Model ◽

Model System ◽

Change Scenario ◽

Ocean Atmosphere

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Deforestation in Amazonia impacts riverine carbon dynamics

Earth System Dynamics Discussions ◽

10.5194/esdd-6-2101-2015 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 2101-2136

Author(s):

F. Langerwisch ◽

A. Walz ◽

A. Rammig ◽

B. Tietjen ◽

K. Thonicke ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Organic Carbon ◽

Atlantic Ocean ◽

Amazon Basin ◽

Inorganic Carbon ◽

Carbon Dynamics ◽

Model System ◽

Atmospheric Co2 ◽

Terrestrial Productivity ◽

The Impact

Abstract. Fluxes of organic and inorganic carbon within the Amazon basin are considerably controlled by annual flooding, which triggers the export of terrigenous organic material to the river and ultimately to the Atlantic Ocean. The amount of carbon imported to the river and the further conversion, transport and export of it, depend on terrestrial productivity and discharge, as well as temperature and atmospheric CO2. Both terrestrial productivity and discharge are influenced by climate and land use change. To assess the impact of these changes on the riverine carbon dynamics, the coupled model system of LPJmL and RivCM (Langerwisch et al., 2015) has been used. Vegetation dynamics (in LPJmL) as well as export and conversion of terrigenous carbon to and within the river (RivCM) are included. The model system has been applied for the years 1901 to 2099 under two deforestation scenarios and with climate forcing of three SRES emission scenarios, each for five climate models. The results suggest that, following deforestation, riverine particulate and dissolved organic carbon will strongly decrease by up to 90 % until the end of the current century. In parallel, discharge increases, leading to roughly unchanged net carbon transport during the first decades of the century, as long as a sufficient area is still forested. During the following decades the amount of transported carbon will decrease drastically. In contrast to the riverine organic carbon, the amount of riverine inorganic carbon is only determined by climate change forcing, namely increased temperature and atmospheric CO2 concentration. Mainly due to the higher atmospheric CO2 it leads to an increase in riverine inorganic carbon by up to 20 % (SRES A2). The changes in riverine carbon fluxes have direct effects on the export of carbon, either to the atmosphere via outgassing, or to the Atlantic Ocean via discharge. Basin-wide the outgassed carbon will increase slightly, but can be regionally reduced by up to 60 % due to deforestation. The discharge of organic carbon to the ocean will be reduced by about 40 % under the most severe deforestation and climate change scenario. The changes would have local and regional consequences on the carbon balance and habitat characteristics in the Amazon basin itself but also in the adjacent Atlantic Ocean.

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Phenology and mortality of embryos in a Colombian population of Nymphargus grandisonae (Anura: Centrolenidae)

Phyllomedusa Journal of Herpetology ◽

10.11606/issn.2316-9079.v19i2p225-241 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 225-241

Author(s):

Daniela Villegas-Mora ◽

Sebastian Muñoz-Acevedo ◽

Estefany Caroline Guevara-Molina ◽

Fernando Vargas-Salinas

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Population Dynamics ◽

Environmental Temperature ◽

Reproductive Activity ◽

Model System ◽

Timing Of Breeding ◽

History Of ◽

Causes Of Mortality ◽

Fly Larvae ◽

Number Of Males

Phenology and mortality of embryos in a Colombian population of Nymphargus grandisonae (Anura: Centrolenidae). Studies of phenology and natural history of anurans provide information useful for its conservation. This is particularly important in current scenarios of emergent diseases, high rates of deforestation, and climate change. We recorded the timing of breeding of the Glass Frog Nymphargus grandisonae and its relationship to precipitation and environmental temperature for four years in a population located in the Central Andes of Colombia, South America. In addition, we recorded the causes of mortality in egg clutches of this species. We quantified infestation by fly larvae and its impact on the survival of embryos. We found that the reproductive activity of N. grandisonae (number of males calling) was seasonal and occurred in months with highest precipitation. The main cause of embryo mortality in clutches was associated with the infestation by a spittlebug fly of the genus c.f. Cladochaeta (Drosophilidae). The survival of embryos in infested clutches was significantly lower than in those clutches not infested by fly larvae. Our results provide baseline data for the monitoring of anuran population dynamics in the Andean region using the glass frog N. grandisonae as a model system.

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A Protozoan Model for Golgi-Associated Calcification

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100065705 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 29 ◽

pp. 332-333

Author(s):

D. C. Williams ◽

D. E. Outka

Keyword(s):

Golgi Apparatus ◽

Organic Matrix ◽

Model System ◽

Sequential Formation

Many studies have shown that the Golgi apparatus is involved in a variety of synthetic activities, and probably no Golgi product is more elaborate than the scales produced by various kinds of phytoflagellates. The formation of calcified scales (coccoliths, Fig. 1,2) of the coccolithophorid phytoflagellates provides a particularly interesting model system for the study of biological mineralization, and the sequential formation of Golgi products.The coccoliths of Hymenomonas carterae consist of a scale-like base (Fig. 2 and 4, b) with a highly structured calcified (CaCO3) rim composed of two distinct elements which alternate about the base periphery (Fig. 1 and 3, A, B). Each element is enveloped by a sheath-like organic matrix (Fig. 3; Fig. 4, m).

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Existence of DNA in yeast microbodies

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100082029 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 36 (2) ◽

pp. 232-233

Author(s):

Masako Osumi ◽

Misuzu Nagano ◽

Hiroko Kazama

Keyword(s):

Catalase Activity ◽

Buoyant Density ◽

Model System ◽

Contour Length ◽

Native State ◽

Normal Alkane ◽

Remarkable Increase ◽

Dna Molecule ◽

Mitochondrial Dnas

We have found that microbodies appeared profusely together with a remarkable increase in catalase activity in normal alkane-grown cells of hydrocarbon-utilizing Candida yeasts, and that the microbodies multiplied by division in these cells. These features of Candida yeasts seem to provide a useful model system for studies on the biogenesis of the microbody. Subsequently, we have succeeded in isolation of Candida microbodies in an apparently native state, as judged biochemically and morphologically. The presence of DNA in the purified microbody fraction thus obtained was proved by the diphenylamine method. DNA molecule of about 15 urn in contour length was released from an isolated microbody. The physicochemical analyses of the microbody DNA revealed that its buoyant density differed from nuclear and mitochondrial DNAs. All these results lead us to the possibility that there is a novel type of DNA in microbodies.

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The coprecipitation of Cr3P and Cr in Cu

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100105886 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 46 ◽

pp. 764-765

Author(s):

M.J. Witcomb ◽

U. Dahmen ◽

K.H. Westmacott

Keyword(s):

Orientation Relationship ◽

Interface Structure ◽

Model System ◽

Relative Orientation ◽

Age Hardening ◽

Precipitation Behavior ◽

Solution Treated ◽

Small Needle ◽

Diffraction Patterns ◽

Interface Structures

Cu-Cr age-hardening alloys are of interest as a model system for the investigation of fcc/bcc interface structures. Several past studies have investigated the morphology and interface structure of Cr precipitates in a Cu matrix (1-3) and good success has been achieved in understanding the crystallography and strain contrast of small needle-shaped precipitates. The present study investigates the effect of small amounts of phosphorous on the precipitation behavior of Cu-Cr alloys.The same Cu-0.3% Cr alloy as was used in earlier work was rolled to a thickness of 150 μm, solution treated in vacuum at 1050°C for 1h followed by quenching and annealing for various times at 820 and 863°C.Two laths and their corresponding diffraction patterns in an alloy aged 2h at 820°C are shown in correct relative orientation in Fig. 1. To within the limit of accuracy of the diffraction patterns the orientation relationship was that of Kurdjumov-Sachs (KS), i.e. parallel close-packed planes and directions.

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Membrane-associated microtubular areays induced in proximal myelinated processes of dorsal root ganglia by large doses of vitamin B6

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100143468 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 44 ◽

pp. 368-369

Author(s):

V.J. Montpetit ◽

S. Dancea ◽

L. Tryphonas ◽

D.F. Clapin

Keyword(s):

Animal Model ◽

Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽

Dorsal Root Ganglia ◽

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽

Dorsal Root ◽

Vitamin B6 ◽

Morphological Changes ◽

Model System ◽

Sensory Nerves ◽

Peripheral Sensory

Very large doses of pyridoxine (vitamin B6) are neurotoxic in humans, selectively affecting the peripheral sensory nerves. We have undertaken a study of the morphological and biochemical aspects of pyridoxine neurotoxicity in an animal model system. Early morphological changes in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) associated with pyridoxine megadoses include proliferation of neurofilaments, ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi complexes. We present in this report evidence of the formation of unique aggregates of microtubules and membranes in the proximal processes of DRG which are induced by high levels of pyridoxine.

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