scholarly journals Elements of Roboethics

2021 ◽  
pp. 73-79
Author(s):  
Fiorella Operto
Keyword(s):  
Science Fiction ◽  
Elderly Person ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
International Standards ◽  
The World ◽  
Learning Capabilities ◽  
Ethical And Legal Issues ◽  
The Many ◽  
Advanced Robotics ◽  
Robotic Applications

AbstractRoboethics analyzes the ethical, legal and social aspects of robotics, especially with regard to advanced robotics applications. These issues are related to liability, the protection of privacy, the defense of human dignity, distributive justice and the dignity of work. Today, roboethics is becoming an important component in international standards for advanced robotics, and in various aspects of artificial intelligence. An autonomous robot endowed with deep learning capabilities shows specificities in terms of its growing autonomy and decision-making functions and, thus, gives rise to new ethical and legal issues. The learning models for a care robot assisting an elderly person or a child must be free of bias related to the selected attributes and should not be subject to any stereotypes unintentionally included in their design. As roboethics goes hand in hand with developments in robotics applications, it should be the concern of all actors in the field, from designers and manufacturers to users. There is one very important element in this—albeit one that is related indirectly—that should not be overlooked: namely, how robotics and robotic applications are represented to the general public. Of the many representations, the legacy of mythology, science fiction and the legend still play an important role. The world of robotics is often marked by icons and images from literature. Exaggerated expectations of their functions, magical descriptions of their behavior, over-anthropomorphization, insistence on their perfection and their rationality compared to that of humans are only some of the false qualities attributed to robotics.

Lovotics

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian David Cheok ◽  
Kasun Karunanayaka ◽  
Emma Yann Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Science Fiction ◽  
Intimate Relationships ◽  
Intelligent Systems ◽  
Humanoid Robots ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
Sex Communication ◽  
Ethical And Legal Issues ◽  
Recent Activity ◽  
Academic Area ◽  
Robot Companions

Intimate relationships, such as love and sex, between human and machines, especially robots, has been one of the themes of science fiction. However, this topic has never been treated in the academic area until recently. It was first raised and discussed by David Levy in his book Love and Sex with Robotics (2007). Since then, researchers have come up with many implementations of robot companions, like sex robots, emotional robots, humanoid robots, and artificial intelligent systems that can simulate human emotions. This chapter presents a summary of significant recent activity in this field, predicts how the field is likely to develop, and discusses ethical and legal issues. We also discuss our research in physical devices for human–robot love and sex communication.

Sperm and Egg Donor Anonymity

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Glenn Cohen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
Gamete Donation ◽  
Sperm Donor ◽  
Egg Donor ◽  
Gamete Donor ◽  
The World ◽  
Ethical And Legal Issues ◽  
Reproductive Tourism

Gamete donor anonymity has become an increasingly active area of legislative, bioethical, and empirical interest over the last decade or so. This chapter begins by detailing the very different status of gamete donor anonymity, contrasting the United States (where the law does not prohibit it) with the rest of the world (where it has been largely prohibited by law) and examining the effects of these policies. The chapter then examines the major arguments that have been offered in favor of and against mandating nonanonymous gamete donation. In particular, it focuses on the effects of removing anonymity on supply and arguments in favor of ending sperm donor anonymity based on the welfare of donor-conceived children or rights claims by them. The chapter also more briefly considers ethical and legal issues related to donor compensation, accidental incest, information reciprocity between donors and recipients, and reproductive tourism.

scholarly journals Declaração de posição telessaúde/Position statement telehealth

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 416-421
Author(s):  
World Federation of Occupational Therapist - WFOT ◽  
Kátia Maki Omura ◽  
Gonçalo Carreteiro
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Occupational Therapy ◽  
Occupational Therapists ◽  
Position Statement ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
World Federation ◽  
The World ◽  
Ethical And Legal Issues ◽  
Challenges And Strategies

O presente manuscrito trata-se de uma tradução do posicionamento da Federação Mundial de Terapeutas Ocupacionais (WFOT) sobre o atendimento em telessaúde, esclarecendo as definições, os seus desafios e estratégias, trazendo o esclarecimento sobre questões éticas e legais sobre a modalidade de atendimento não presencial, além de destacar a abordagem centrada no cliente como estratégia profissional. AbstractThe present manuscript is a translation of the World Federation of Occupational Therapists (WFOT) position statement on telehealth care, clarifying definitions, challenges and strategies, bringing clarification on ethical and legal issues regarding non- in person health care, in addition to highlighting the client-centered approach as a professional strategy.Key words: Telehealth; Occupational Therapy; Client-centredness in occupational therapy. ResumenEl presente manuscrito es una traducción de la declaración de posición de la Federación Mundial de Terapeutas Ocupacionales (WFOT, por sus siglas en inglés) sobre atención de telesalud, aclarando definiciones, desafíos y estrategias, brindando aclaraciones sobre cuestiones éticas y legales relacionadas con la atención de salud no en persona, además de destacar al cliente enfoque centrado como una estrategia profesional.Palabras clave: Telesalud; Terapia ocupacional; terapia ocupacional Centrado en el cliente.   

Ethical and Legal Issues in Teaching and Learning in Second Life in a Graduate Online Course

2010 ◽  
pp. 228-238
Author(s):  
R.S. Talab ◽  
Hope R. Botterbusch
Keyword(s):  
Second Life ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
Course Content ◽  
Teaching Platform ◽  
Legal Literature ◽  
Ethical And Legal Issues ◽  
The Many

As a growing number of faculty use SL as a teaching platform, outside of anecdotal articles and the legal literature, no research exists on the many legal and ethical issues that affect course development. Ethical issues include abuse (“griefing”) nudity and lewd behavior, and false/misleading identities. Legal issues include creation and use of copyrighted and trademarked items, faculty intellectual property rights in objects and course content, and criminal behavior. Following the experiences of the instructor and 5 students, their 12-week journey is documented through interviews, journals, weekly course activities, SL class dialogs, and in-world assignments. Additionally, 5 faculty and staff experts who teach or train in SL at this university were interviewed and consulted, as well. This study provides insight for designing courses that foster exploration of rich learning opportunities outside a traditional classroom-both real and virtual.

scholarly journals THE REFORM OF FRENCH CONTRACT LAW: A CRITICAL OVERVIEW

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexis Downe
Keyword(s):  
Contract Law ◽  
Civil Code ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Judicial Interpretation ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Many ◽  
Critical Overview ◽  
Scholarly Attention

Since the Napoleonic Code of 1804 we have seen republics, monarchies and empires coming and going; local and world wars; revolutions, from the industrial to the informational; and our society has moved from an economy based on agriculture to one open to the world, based on tertiary services. In all this time, French contract law has been able to stay up and keep up to date with the many changes in society, thanks to the judicial interpretation of the various articles of the French civil code and the generality of its articles. There have been many previous attempts to reform French contract law but its principles, forged in 1804, have escaped unscathed, except for certain transpositions of European directives. This article focuses on an academic point of view with regards the reforms to the French civil code that will bring private contract law into line with modern international standards. This is the first step in a series of broader changes the government is making to the French law of obligations. This reform is said to have both adapted and revolutionised French contract law and merits scholarly attention.

scholarly journals The Informatics Stack: A Heuristic Tool for Informatics Teaching

2017 ◽  
Vol 56 (S 01) ◽  
pp. e129-e133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold Lehmann
Keyword(s):  
System Development ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
Student Feedback ◽  
Levels Of Abstraction ◽  
Final Project ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
Ethical And Legal Issues ◽  
The Many ◽  
Evaluation Approaches ◽  
Masters Students

Summary Objective: To develop a heuristic framework for students to organize and apply the many concepts of informatics for rapid use. Method: Organization of curriculum material and recurrent refinement by student feedback. An Informatics Stack was developed based on several existing informatics and software-development frameworks comprising several levels of abstraction, from what a system is supposed to accomplish (4 levels) to how it accomplishes it (5 levels). At each level, there are specific concerns, types of interoperability, ethical and legal issues, testing and evaluation approaches and methods, and relevant scientific disciplines, and privacy (upper 5 levels), confidentiality (middle 3 levels), and security (lower 4 levels ) concerns whose levels overlap. An 8-week Introduction to Informatics course was taught for 6 years to masters students of informatics and of public health, based on the Stack, with a Final Project continually filled in during the course, where students applied the Stack to existing reports describing health information systems and their deployments. Results: Student feedback from 538 students working in 116 groups over 6 years shows near-universal appreciation that the Stack helped to organize their review of the report. Each student, from a wide variety of backgrounds, identified some level of the Stack as something they might have otherwise missed, and all levels were invoked by some student. Attributes identified by the students as missing from the Stack concerned the practicalities of system development. Conclusion: The Stack is a broadly-encompassing heuristic whose application can be learned and applied by students from a wide variety of backgrounds in an 8-week course.

scholarly journals Bioethical and Legal Issues in 3D Bioprinting

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastasia Kirillova ◽  
Stanislav Bushev ◽  
Aydar Abubakirov ◽  
Gennady Sukikh
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
3D Bioprinting ◽  
Human Organs ◽  
Advanced Technologies ◽  
Science Technology ◽  
The World ◽  
Interdisciplinary Problems ◽  
Ethical And Legal Issues

Bioethical and legal issues of three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting as the emerging field of biotechnology have not yet been widely discussed among bioethicists around the world, including Russia. The scope of 3D bioprinting includes not only the issues of the advanced technologies of human tissues and organs printing but also raises a whole layer of interdisciplinary problems of modern science, technology, bioethics, and philosophy. This article addresses the ethical and legal issues of bioprinting of artificial human organs.

Ethical and Legal Issues in Teaching and Learning in Second Life in a Graduate Online Course

2013 ◽  
pp. 1368-1378
Author(s):  
R. S. Talab ◽  
Hope R. Botterbusch
Keyword(s):  
Second Life ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
Course Content ◽  
Teaching Platform ◽  
Legal Literature ◽  
Ethical And Legal Issues ◽  
The Many

As a growing number of faculty use SL as a teaching platform, outside of anecdotal articles and the legal literature, no research exists on the many legal and ethical issues that affect course development. Ethical issues include abuse (“griefing”) nudity and lewd behavior, and false/misleading identities. Legal issues include creation and use of copyrighted and trademarked items, faculty intellectual property rights in objects and course content, and criminal behavior. Following the experiences of the instructor and 5 students, their 12-week journey is documented through interviews, journals, weekly course activities, SL class dialogs, and in-world assignments. Additionally, 5 faculty and staff experts who teach or train in SL at this university were interviewed and consulted, as well. This study provides insight for designing courses that foster exploration of rich learning opportunities outside a traditional classroom-both real and virtual.

scholarly journals Game of Code: Challenges of Cyberspace as a Domain of Warfare

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-72
Author(s):  
Christopher Rosana Nyabuto
Keyword(s):  
Science Fiction ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
International Humanitarian Law ◽  
Cyber Warfare ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
Literature Reviews ◽  
Salient Points ◽  
The World ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Military

The military capabilities that the world witnesses in modern day armed conflicts are a sort of science fiction brought to life. Most of the techniques in cyber warfare were never thought possible, let alone anticipated in times past especially during the framing of key International Humanitarian Law (IHL) instruments. This paper analyses the challenges that cyber warfare poses to state responsibility. The analysis also discusses how the anonymity of parties in cyber warfare presents challenges to the application of existing law. The rationale for this study is the fact that cyberspace as a domain of warfare is still in its early days despite the many ambiguities and puzzles it has sparked in various circles of discussion. The study relies on literature reviews and case studies to make its salient points. Ultimately, the study argues that cyber warfare is subject to IHL; however, it breeds new possibilities that may require greater adherence to consistent legal review of weapons and greater willingness of the international community to apply IHL to this domain of warfare.

scholarly journals (DON’T) HOLD YOUR BREATH: THE SOUTH AFRICAN COVID-19 VACCINE APPROVAL PROCESS AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK

Obiter ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Larisse Prinsen
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
Good News ◽  
Approval Process ◽  
The World ◽  
Fast Pace ◽  
The Face ◽  
Ethical And Legal Issues ◽  
Human Use ◽  
Roll Out

The world seemed to sigh in relief in early November 2020, when it was announced that the Covid-19 vaccine developed by Pfizer and BioNTech showed itself to be 90 per cent effective in early data analysis. This announcement was followed by one from Moderna Inc that its vaccine in development was showing to be almost 95 per cent effective. Soon after, numerous other companies announced the efficacy of their respective vaccines and roll-out plans and policies were made and even implemented.However, this sigh of relief was perhaps premature. Although these announcements were good news on the face of it, they also brought to light some concerns. The fast pace at which the vaccines were developed and made available for human use raises various ethical and legal issues as well as questions related to the safety and efficacy thereof. The correct dosage and timing of vaccination is still not fixed, vaccine expiration periods and the discovery of new variants of the Covid-19 virus has further added to these concerns. In addition, uncertainty exists regarding the approval process that should be followed for these vaccines. This last concern forms the focus of this note.

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