Dietary Approaches to Hypertension: Dietary Sodium and the DASH Diet for Cardiovascular Health

2021 ◽  
pp. 61-72
Author(s):  
Keith C. Ferdinand ◽  
Samar A. Nasser ◽  
Daphne P. Ferdinand ◽  
Rachel M. Bond
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Dash Diet

Abstract P246: Relationship Between Urinary Sodium/potassium Ratio And Systolic Blood Pressure In Salt Sensitive Subjects In The Dash-sodium Trial

Hypertension ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 78 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rozalia Abramov ◽  
Elizabeth D Drugge ◽  
Khalid A Farhan ◽  
Nicholas R Ferreri
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
Dash Diet ◽  
Black Females

Excessive salt intake is associated with hypertension and cardiovascular morbidity. However, identifying those at risk of salt sensitive hypertension (SSH) remains a challenge due to its unequal distribution among populations and inaccurate assessment of dietary sodium (Na) and potassium (K) intake. The objective of this study was to compare indices of dietary Na intake in relation to systolic blood pressure (SBP) in salt sensitive (SS) and salt resistant (SR) subjects from the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH)-Sodium trial. We hypothesized that when compared to urinary Na or K independently, Na/K ratio is a better predictor of SSH when defined as a 5-10 mmHg change in SBP from low to high dietary Na. Among 404 Black and White subjects, baseline classifications included 177 SS and 227 SR. After diet randomization, on the control 107 were SS and 92 SR and on the DASH 70 were SS and 135 SR. Descriptive statistics, bivariate analysis, followed by linear regression models for baseline and multilevel mixed-effects models after intervention were used to assess the relationship between SBP and dietary Na (as measured by urinary Na/K ratio or Na and K independently) using SS as a categorical factor. SBP was consistently associated with SS, Na/K ratio, and age in all models . At baseline, SBP was significantly higher in SS and SR subjects of the same race and sex, after controlling for age and urinary Na/K ratio and was highest for White females, SS:142.3 (138.8, 145.7) vs. SR:133.2 (130.7, 135.7), and for Black males, SS:137.0 (133.8, 140.1) vs. SR: 129.6 (127.0, 132.3). On average, SBP increased 1.02 (0.065, 1.98) mmHg with each unit increase in Na/K ratio and 3.30 (2.41, 4.19) mmHg with each 10-year increase in age. After randomization and exposure to increasing levels of sodium, SBP increased in SS subjects on the control diet:125.3 (123.2, 127.3) to 136.8 (134.8, 138.9), an effect that was greater in White vs Black females and in Black vs White males. SBP increased in SS subjects on the DASH diet: 121.4 (118.8, 124.0) to 131.2 (128.7, 133.7), but there were no differences by race and sex. These results suggest that a 5-10 mmHg change in SBP in subjects on a typical American diet and Na/K ratio are good predictors of SSH and that the DASH diet may help to reduce race and sex disparities.

Effects on Blood Pressure of Reduced Dietary Sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Diet

2001 ◽  
Vol 344 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank M. Sacks ◽  
Laura P. Svetkey ◽  
William M. Vollmer ◽  
Lawrence J. Appel ◽  
George A. Bray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Dash Diet

scholarly journals Dietary sodium and cardiovascular health strategies

2014 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 297-298
Author(s):  
Simon N Thornton ◽  
Patrick Lacolley
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Dietary Sodium

scholarly journals Assessment of salt intake: how accurate is it?

2013 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 342-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine M. Champagne ◽  
Katherine C. Cash
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Average Intake ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Sodium Consumption

The aims of this review paper are to provide an overview of the association of sodium intake with cardiovascular health, to identify sodium in our global food supply and to describe problems associated with assessment of dietary sodium intake. Excess sodium intake may contribute to the development of hypertension in some individuals, consequently increasing CVD risk. The average intake of sodium in populations around the world far exceeds the actual body's needs. Processed and restaurant foods contribute the most dietary sodium for Americans and other populations worldwide. There is a worldwide focus on reducing sodium content of food products in an effort to reduce health related issues associated with excessive salt and sodium intake in individuals. In several countries, regulations have been introduced to lower the sodium content of foods. Manufacturers are complying with these regulations by formulating new products to meet these standards. However, the variability in food sodium content poses challenges to researchers to accurately assess dietary sodium intakes of individuals. There are differences in sodium content of foods in databases compared with nutritional information provided by manufacturers for the same food products. Variations also exist in restaurant foods, where values differ from those available on restaurant websites. Sodium may be either underestimated or overestimated; it is not always on target. Awareness of the variability among food products is crucial but capturing sodium content of every food in the market is not feasible. Whenever possible, updating databases is critical. In conclusion, it is not feasible to capture the sodium content of every food in the marketplace but being aware of these differences is essential to assessing actual sodium consumption. Since biological determinations are burdensome and impractical, it is imperative for researchers and other health professionals to participate in the development and implementation of tools to accurately assess sodium intake in individuals.

Abstract P083: Sodium Content Of Menu And Commissary Provisions In Rural Jail Exceed Heart-healthy Dietary Recommendations

Circulation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 143 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bonnie Kuss ◽  
Nanette Lopez ◽  
Shakia T Hardy ◽  
Ricky L Camplain
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Dietary Reference Intake ◽  
Dietary Analysis ◽  
County Jail ◽  
Dash Diet ◽  
Daily Average ◽  
Incarcerated Populations ◽  
Total Sodium

Introduction: Incarcerated populations experience nearly two times the risk of Hypertension (HT) and Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) relative to the general population. Incarcerated individuals lack the autonomy to make dietary changes to attenuate these risks. Dietary intake of sodium is considered the most critical and modifiable nutritional determinant to developing HT and CVD. The American Heart Association recommends the cardioprotective Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet which restricts sodium intake to 1500 mg per day, 800 mg less than the recommended Dietary Reference Intake (DRI). Nutrition in jail is obtained through menu provisions and purchasable packaged food and beverage items from the commissary, yet previous research indicating the high sodium content in jail meals has failed to include commissary items in total sodium intake. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that estimated daily sodium in a 7 day cycle menu and commissary items at a county jail exceed DRI and DASH diet recommendations. Methods: A 7 day cycle menu and commissary food list were obtained from a southwest rural county jail, which included 3 daily meals. Commissary items included 4 purchasable, pre-bundled food snack packs. NutriCalc Dietary Analysis software was used to determine sodium content for each meal, and commissary snack pack. Total sodium from the 7 day menu was divided by the number of days (7) to determine a daily average. For snack pack analyses, sodium of each of the 4 snack packs was added to the 7 day menu provisions and divided by 7, individually. All estimates were compared to DRI and DASH recommendations. Results: The sodium content from the menu and commissary significantly exceeded both DRI and DASH recommendations. The daily average sodium from menu provisions was 167% (3847/2300) of the DRI and 256% (3847/1500) of the DASH diet recommendations. Lunch provisions contributed the largest proportion (45%, 12051/26931) of total weekly sodium. When sodium from commissary snack packs was included with the 7 day cycle menu, daily average sodium content ranged from 173 to 292% [(3971/2300) to ( 6712/2300)] of DRI and 265 to 447% [(3970/1500) to (6712/1500)] of DASH diet recommendations. Conclusions: Small changes to one meal within the cycle menu and the inclusion of fresh or frozen produce could reduce sodium content to align with DRI and DASH recommendations. Commissary items make up a substantial portion of dietary sodium intake within jails. The addition of reduced sodium options to commissary snack packs may help limit sodium intake without restricting what little autonomy incarcerated individuals have over their diet. These alterations may help alleviate HT and CVD burden for incarcerated populations.

scholarly journals College Students’ Knowledge of Risk Factors Related to Cardiovascular Disease

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Christine Andrew ◽  
Deborah Hiles-Gaddy ◽  
Mikayla Lauren MacRitchie ◽  
Sam Abraham
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
College Students ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Further Education ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Cross Sectional

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a prevalent health issue, accounting for a large proportion of deaths worldwide. Despite the high prevalence of this potentially detrimental condition, many college students are not fully aware of its contributing risk factors. The purpose of the current study was to determine college students’ knowledge of risk factors related to CVD. Methods: This was a quantitative, cross-sectional study with a descriptive design. A survey with 5 demographic questions and 20 Likert-type statements was administered to 118 students in a Midwestern college in the United States. Results: The majority of the students displayed knowledge of risk factors such as smoking tobacco, inactive lifestyle, hypertension, low intake of fruits and vegetables, elevated cholesterol levels, high dietary sodium and obesity. However, a knowledge deficit existed regarding gender and ethnicity, which are non-modifiable risk factors, albeit important considerations.Conclusions: Although students appeared knowledgeable about areas such as cholesterol in cardiovascular health, further education could be beneficial to improve this knowledge base.

The Association Between Adherence to The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Diet and Neuro-Psychological Function in Young Women

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mansoore Saharkhiz ◽  
Malaksima Ayadilord ◽  
samira karbasi ◽  
Mohsen Naseri ◽  
Mahin Siami Ali Abad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Women ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
High Stress ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Mental Wellbeing ◽  
Processed Meat ◽  
Psychological Function ◽  
Dash Diet ◽  
Stress Score

Abstract Background: The beneficial impact of adherence to a DASH diet may have a bidirectional relationship with mental wellbeing. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between the DASH diet and neuro-psychological function in young women.Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 181 adolescent girls aged between 18-25 years were recruited. The dietary intakes of study participants were collected using a valid and reliable food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) containing 65 food items. Neuropsychological function of participants was evaluated using standard questionnaires.Results: As may be expected, individuals in the highest tertile of adherence to DASH diet (high adherence) consumed more folate, fruits, vegetables, low fat dairy, nuts, legume, and seed , and less sweetened beverage and sodium, compared to the participants in the lowest tertile (lower adherence). There was a significant negative relationship between cognitive function and consumption of red and processed meat (r=-0.168; p<0.05), quality of life score with dietary sodium (r=-0.151; p<0.01) and depression score with vegetables (r=-0.174; p<0.05). In multivariate multinomial logistic regression analyses adjusted for age, BMI and energy intake, adherence to a DASH style-pattern was protective against stress score (OR=0.32; 95%CI: 0.14-0.71) and difficulty with sleep initiating (OR=0.46; 95%CI: 0.21-1.00).Conclusion: Adherence to a DASH diet may be a protective against a high stress score and difficulty with sleep initiating.

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