Recent Developments in Analytical Techniques for Corrosion Research

Background: Metabolomics has gained importance in clinical applications over the last decade. Metabolomics studies are significant because the systemic metabolome is directly affected by disease conditions. Metabolome-based biomarkers are actively being developed for early diagnosis and to indicate the stage of specific diseases. Additionally, understanding the effect of an intervention on a living organism at the molecular level is a crucial strategy for understanding novel or unexpected biological processes. Results: The simultaneous improvements in advanced analytical techniques, sample preparation techniques, computer technology, and databank contents has enabled more valuable scientific information to be gained from metabolomics than ever before. With over 15,000 known endogenous metabolites, there is no single analytical technique capable of analyzing the whole metabolome. However, capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) is a unique technique used to analyze an important portion of metabolites not accessible by liquid chromatography or gas chromatography techniques. The analytical capability of CE, combined with recent sample preparation techniques focused on extracting polar-ionic compounds, make CE-MS a perfect technique for metabolomic studies. Conclusion: Here, previous reviews of CE-MS based metabolomics are evaluated to highlight recent improvements in this technique. Specifically, we review papers from the last two years (2018 and 2019) on CE-MS based metabolomics. The current situation and the challenges facing metabolomic studies are discussed to reveal the high potential of CE-MS for further studies, especially in biomarker development studies.

Download Full-text

Absorption of L-alanine and other dissolved nutrients by the spines of Paracentrotus lividus (Echinoidea)

Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom ◽

10.1017/s0025315400026102 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 57 (4) ◽

pp. 1031-1045 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

M. E. de Burgh ◽

A. B. West ◽

F. Jeal

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Organic Molecules ◽

Marine Invertebrates ◽

Analytical Techniques ◽

Paracentrotus Lividus ◽

Direct Absorption ◽

Dissolved Nutrients ◽

Recent Developments ◽

Modern Analytical

The possibility that marine invertebrates might obtain part of their nutritional requirements by direct absorption of dissolved molecules through the epidermis has recently received considerable attention. This revival of interest in a field which had been virtually abandoned since the early part of the century was led by the findings of Stephens & Schinske (1957, 1958, 1961). Modern analytical techniques have revealed that the amount of dissolved nutrients in coastal waters is much greater than was formerly realized; total amino acids have been recorded in concentrations of up to 10-4 mole/litre in south-east Alaskan waters (Schell, 1974) and 7 x 10-5 mole/litre off Helgoland (Bohling, 1970). Direct absorption of amino acids has been conclusively established in several phyla (see reviews by Stephens, 1968,1972), and one of the major aims of current research is to show that dissolved organic molecules taken up from available concentrations could be of nutritional significance. Recent developments concerning the possible roles of uptake in marine ecosystems have been reviewed by West, de Burgh & Jeal (1977).

Download Full-text

Self-Organising Map Approach to Individual Profiles: Age, Sex and Culture in Internet Dating

Sociological Research Online ◽

10.5153/sro.1253 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 114-129 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Teemu Suna ◽

Michael Hardey ◽

Jouni Huhtinen ◽

Yrjö Hiltunen ◽

Kimmo Kaski ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Personal Information ◽

Analytical Techniques ◽

Original Data ◽

Data Sets ◽

Complex Data ◽

Internet Dating ◽

Visual Maps ◽

Unsupervised Neural Network ◽

Recent Developments ◽

Self Organising Map

A marked feature of recent developments in the networked society has been the growth in the number of people making use of Internet dating services. These services involve the accumulation of large amounts of personal information which individuals utilise to find others and potentially arrange offline meetings. The consequent data represent a challenge to conventional analysis, for example, the service that provided the data used in this paper had approximately 5,000 users all of whom completed an extensive questionnaire resulting in some 300 parameters. This creates an opportunity to apply innovative analytical techniques that may provide new sociological insights into complex data. In this paper we utilise the self-organising map (SOM), an unsupervised neural network methodology, to explore Internet dating data. The resulting visual maps are used to demonstrate the ability of SOMs to reveal interrelated parameters. The SOM process led to the emergence of correlations that were obscured in the original data and pointed to the role of what we call ‘cultural age’ in the profiles and partnership preferences of the individuals. Our results suggest that the SOM approach offers a well established methodology that can be easily applied to complex sociological data sets. The SOM outcomes are discussed in relation to other research about identifying others and forming relationships in a network society.

Download Full-text

Chapter 10. Analytical Techniques for Material-limited Metabolomics: Recent Developments and Applications

Advanced Mass Spectrometry-based Analytical Separation Techniques for Probing the Polar Metabolome - New Developments in Mass Spectrometry ◽

10.1039/9781839163524-00242 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 242-263

Author(s):

Andrew J. Chetwynd ◽

Rawi Ramautar

Keyword(s):

Analytical Techniques ◽

Recent Developments

Download Full-text

High-throughput phenotyping in cotton: a review

Journal of Cotton Research ◽

10.1186/s42397-019-0035-0 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Irish Lorraine B. PABUAYON ◽

Yazhou SUN ◽

Wenxuan GUO ◽

Glen L. RITCHIE

Keyword(s):

High Throughput ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Growth Yield ◽

Analytical Techniques ◽

Phenotypic Traits ◽

Technological Advances ◽

Recent Developments ◽

Potential Applications ◽

High Throughput Phenotyping

Abstract Recent technological advances in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) phenotyping have offered tools to improve the efficiency of data collection and analysis. High-throughput phenotyping (HTP) is a non-destructive and rapid approach of monitoring and measuring multiple phenotypic traits related to the growth, yield, and adaptation to biotic or abiotic stress. Researchers have conducted extensive experiments on HTP and developed techniques including spectral, fluorescence, thermal, and three-dimensional imaging to measure the morphological, physiological, and pathological resistance traits of cotton. In addition, ground-based and aerial-based platforms were also developed to aid in the implementation of these HTP systems. This review paper highlights the techniques and recent developments for HTP in cotton, reviews the potential applications according to morphological and physiological traits of cotton, and compares the advantages and limitations of these HTP systems when used in cotton cropping systems. Overall, the use of HTP has generated many opportunities to accurately and efficiently measure and analyze diverse traits of cotton. However, because of its relative novelty, HTP has some limitations that constrains the ability to take full advantage of what it can offer. These challenges need to be addressed to increase the accuracy and utility of HTP, which can be done by integrating analytical techniques for big data and continuous advances in imaging.

Download Full-text

Critical Assessment of Analytical Methods for the Harmonized and Cost-Efficient Analysis of Microplastics

Applied Spectroscopy ◽

10.1177/0003702820921465 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 74 (9) ◽

pp. 1012-1047 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Sebastian Primpke ◽

Silke H. Christiansen ◽

Win Cowger ◽

Hannah De Frond ◽

Ashok Deshpande ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mass Spectrometry ◽

Gas Chromatography ◽

Analytical Techniques ◽

Field Work ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Pyrolysis Gas ◽

Combined Application ◽

Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Recent Developments ◽

Cost Efficient

Microplastics are of major concerns for society and is currently in the focus of legislators and administrations. A small number of measures to reduce or remove primary sources of microplastics to the environment are currently coming into effect. At the moment, they have not yet tackled important topics such as food safety. However, recent developments such as the 2018 bill in California are requesting the analysis of microplastics in drinking water by standardized operational protocols. Administrations and analytical labs are facing an emerging field of methods for sampling, extraction, and analysis of microplastics, which complicate the establishment of standardized operational protocols. In this review, the state of the currently applied identification and quantification tools for microplastics are evaluated providing a harmonized guideline for future standardized operational protocols to cover these types of bills. The main focus is on the naked eye detection, general optical microscopy, the application of dye staining, flow cytometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-Ir) and microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and microscopy, thermal degradation by pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (py-GC-MS) as well as thermo-extraction and desorption gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (TED-GC-MS). Additional techniques are highlighted as well as the combined application of the analytical techniques suggested. An outlook is given on the emerging aspect of nanoplastic analysis. In all cases, the methods were screened for limitations, field work abilities and, if possible, estimated costs and summarized into a recommendation for a workflow covering the demands of society, legislation, and administration in cost efficient but still detailed manner.

Download Full-text

EFFICIENT CHROMATOGRAPHIC APPROACH FOR THE ANALYSIS OF INSECTICIDES AND ECO-TOXICOLOGICAL ASPECTS

10.36106/gjra/9011553 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 74-79

Author(s):

Suryapratap Ray ◽

Tejasvi Bhatia

Keyword(s):

Adverse Effects ◽

Active Component ◽

Analytical Techniques ◽

Agricultural Products ◽

Main Concern ◽

Agriculture Sector ◽

Frequent Use ◽

Mechanism Of Toxicity ◽

Recent Developments ◽

Method Of Extraction

In today's rapid growing industries and technology, the frequent use of various insecticide in agriculture sector can be commonly encountered. Insecticides such as carbamate, organochlorine and pyrethroids helps protecting the crop from various insects, which ultimately leads to the better yield of agricultural products. But the main concern that comes out in such frequent practice is the adverse effects to the adjacent ecosystems. Especially, the very commonly used carbofuran, DDT, Cypermethrin and its adverse effects can be put forwarded as a potential example in this article. Apart from this, the scope of this article covers the mechanism of toxicity by insecticides to nontargeted organisms in the ecosystem, the recent developments in the analytical techniques considering HPLC and GC, the method of extraction and quantication of active component in sample. A comparison between GC and HPLC is done and the preferred instrumentation is concluded while considering the analysis of Insecticide. Scope of this review also covers the symptoms and treatment of insecticide poisoning.

Download Full-text

Quantitative Analysis of 300 and 400 Series Stainless Steel by Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence

Advances in X-ray Analysis ◽

10.1154/s0376030800016761 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 22 ◽

pp. 395-400

Author(s):

Bradner D. Wheeler ◽

Nancy Jacobus

Keyword(s):

Stainless Steel ◽

Analytical Techniques ◽

Major Elements ◽

Energy Dispersive ◽

Absolute Methanol ◽

X Ray ◽

Minor Elements ◽

Recent Developments ◽

Successful Analysis ◽

Fluorescence Analyzer

Recent developments in analytical techniques and software have allowed the accurate quantitative determinations of both the major and minor elements in stainless steels by energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence. The successful analysis of 300 and 400 series stainless steel is reported utilizing this technique. The analysis of this type of material represents one of the most severe tests of the method due to numerous peak overlaps and interelement effects such as absorption and enhancement.Sixteen standards of ASTM 300 series and ten 400 series were prepared by polishing on a 220 grit aluminum oxide belt and subsequently washing the surface in absolute methanol. Analyses were performed with an EG&G ORTEC 6110 Tube Excited Fluorescence Analyzer utilizing a dual anode (Rh/W) x-ray tube. Peak deconvolutions and interelement corrections were made with a 16K PDP-11/05 computer utilizing the program FLINT (1). Utilization of spectral deconvolutions and interelement corrections yields a relative accuracy of approximately IX of the concentrations of the major elements.

Download Full-text