scholarly journals A Low-Cost Head and Eye Tracking System for Realistic Eye Movements in Virtual Avatars

2014 ◽  
pp. 461-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingbo Li ◽  
Haolin Wei ◽  
David S. Monaghan ◽  
Noel E. O’Connor
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Low Cost

How to Build a Low-Cost Eye-Tracking System

2012 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-23
Author(s):  
Davin Pavlas ◽  
Heather Lum ◽  
Eduardo Salas
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Tracking Technology

Eye tracking, previously the purview of well-funded laboratories, is now available to any individual who wishes to study gaze patterns. Advances in eye-tracking technology have made it possible for those with meager budgets but an abundance of motivation to engage in studies that examine participants’ eye movements and fixations. This article presents a how-to guide for creating low-cost eye-tracking solutions and includes discussion of optical hardware, tracking software, and data analysis programs. The wider availability of eye-tracking technology ensures that the broader scientific community has access to techniques that can inform design and enhance research.

AN EYE TRACKING SYSTEM AND ITS APPLICATION IN AIDS FOR PEOPLE WITH SEVERE DISABILITIES

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (06) ◽  
pp. 319-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
MU-CHUN SU ◽  
KUO-CHUNG WANG ◽  
GWO-DONG CHEN
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Severe Disabilities ◽  
Computer Access ◽  
Detection Systems ◽  
Web Camera ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Direction Information

The object of this paper is to present a set of techniques integrated into a low-lost eye tracking system. Eye tracking systems have many potential applications such as learning emotion monitoring systems, drivers' fatigue detection systems, etc. In this paper, we report how we use an eye tracking system to implement an "eye mouse" to provide computer access for people with severe disabilities. The proposed eye mouse allows people with severe disabilities to use their eye movements to manipulate computers. It requires only one low-cost Web camera and a personal computer. A five-stage algorithm is developed to estimate the directions of eye movements and then use the direction information to manipulate the computer. Several experiments were conducted to test the performance of the eye tracking system.

scholarly journals A Fast and Effective System for Analysis of Optokinetic Waveforms with a Low-Cost Eye Tracking Device

Healthcare ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Chong-Bin Tsai ◽  
Wei-Yu Hung ◽  
Wei-Yen Hsu
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Slow Phase ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Effective System ◽  
Tracking Device ◽  
Traditional Approaches

Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) is an involuntary eye movement induced by motion of a large proportion of the visual field. It consists of a “slow phase (SP)” with eye movements in the same direction as the movement of the pattern and a “fast phase (FP)” with saccadic eye movements in the opposite direction. Study of OKN can reveal valuable information in ophthalmology, neurology and psychology. However, the current commercially available high-resolution and research-grade eye tracker is usually expensive. Methods & Results: We developed a novel fast and effective system combined with a low-cost eye tracking device to accurately quantitatively measure OKN eye movement. Conclusions: The experimental results indicate that the proposed method achieves fast and promising results in comparisons with several traditional approaches.

scholarly journals Using the Blind Spot to Investigate Trans-Saccadic Perception

Vision ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Julie Royo ◽  
Fabrice Arcizet ◽  
Patrick Cavanagh ◽  
Pierre Pouget
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Blind Spot ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Gaze Position

We introduce a blind spot method to create image changes contingent on eye movements. One challenge of eye movement research is triggering display changes contingent on gaze. The eye-tracking system must capture the image of the eye, discover and track the pupil and corneal reflections to estimate the gaze position, and then transfer this data to the computer that updates the display. All of these steps introduce delays that are often difficult to predict. To avoid these issues, we describe a simple blind spot method to generate gaze contingent display manipulations without any eye-tracking system and/or display controls.

scholarly journals Hybrid Eye-Tracking on a Smartphone with CNN Feature Extraction and an Infrared 3D Model

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Braiden Brousseau ◽  
Jonathan Rose ◽  
Moshe Eizenman
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Hybrid Approach ◽  
Machine Learning Techniques ◽  
Gaze Estimation ◽  
Estimation Model ◽  
Automotive Safety ◽  
Artificial Illumination

This paper describes a low-cost, robust, and accurate remote eye-tracking system that uses an industrial prototype smartphone with integrated infrared illumination and camera. Numerous studies have demonstrated the beneficial use of eye-tracking in domains such as neurological and neuropsychiatric testing, advertising evaluation, pilot training, and automotive safety. Remote eye-tracking on a smartphone could enable the significant growth in the deployment of applications in these domains. Our system uses a 3D gaze-estimation model that enables accurate point-of-gaze (PoG) estimation with free head and device motion. To accurately determine the input eye features (pupil center and corneal reflections), the system uses Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) together with a novel center-of-mass output layer. The use of CNNs improves the system’s robustness to the significant variability in the appearance of eye-images found in handheld eye trackers. The system was tested with 8 subjects with the device free to move in their hands and produced a gaze bias of 0.72°. Our hybrid approach that uses artificial illumination, a 3D gaze-estimation model, and a CNN feature extractor achieved an accuracy that is significantly (400%) better than current eye-tracking systems on smartphones that use natural illumination and machine-learning techniques to estimate the PoG.

Eye Movements While Reading Degraded On-Product Warnings

2007 ◽  
Vol 51 (20) ◽  
pp. 1388-1392
Author(s):  
Nathan T. Dorris ◽  
R. Brian Valimont ◽  
Eric J. Boelhouwer
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Fixation Time ◽  
Time On Task ◽  
Matched Pairs ◽  
Warning Label ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Total Fixation

This investigation tested whether heavily degraded warnings affected gaze patterns and resulted in longer viewing times than lightly degraded warnings. The study included sixteen participants who viewed six matched pairs of lightly and heavily degraded warnings. Eye movements were recorded using an eye tracking system while the total time on task for each warning was collected. Fixation times were also collected as participants viewed the various panels of each warning. In the second part of the experiment, legibility and participant comprehension of each warning was tested. Paired t-tests showed that total time on task, total fixation time, and message panel fixation time were consistently significantly different for three of the six pairs of warnings, such that each of the three aforementioned times increased significantly when participants were viewing a highly degraded warning label. Additionally, participants were able to comprehend all warnings presented. This study also provides evidence that eye tracking can be a useful tool in warnings research.

scholarly journals Dog eye movements are slower than human eye movements

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Soon Young Park ◽  
Catarina Espanca Bacelar ◽  
Kenneth Holmqvist
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Canis Lupus Familiaris ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Cognitive Studies ◽  
Systematic Relationships ◽  
Human Eye Movements

Eye movement of a species reflects the visual behavior strategy that it has adapted to during its evolution. What are eye movements of domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) like? Investigations of dog eye movements per se have not been done, despite the increasing number of visuo-cognitive studies in dogs using eye-tracking systems. To fill this gap, we have recorded dog eye movements using a video-based eye-tracking system, and compared the dog data to that of humans. We found dog saccades follow the systematic relationships between saccade metrics previously shown in humans and other animal species. Yet, the details of the relationships, and the quantities of each metric of dog saccades and fixations differed from those of humans. Overall, dog saccades were slower and fixations were longer than those of humans. We hope our findings contribute to existing comparative analyses of eye movement across animal species, and also to improvement of algorithms used for classifying eye movement data of dogs.

Differential Eye Movements and Visual Contrast Acuity in National Collegiate Athletic Association Athletes

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 270-275
Author(s):  
Ali S. Tejani ◽  
Bert B. Vargas ◽  
Emily F. Middleton ◽  
Mu Huang
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Contrast Sensitivity ◽  
National Collegiate Athletic Association ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Visual Contrast ◽  
Visual Contrast Sensitivity

Though studies describe postconcussive changes in eye movements, there is a need for data describing baseline eye movements. The purpose of this study was to describe baseline eye movements and visual contrast acuity using the King-Devick (KD) Eye Tracking System and KD Visual Contrast Sensitivity Chart. Fewer total saccades were noted in soccer players than basketball players (soccer, 56.9 ± 14.3; basketball, 101.1 ± 41.3; p = .0005). No significant differences were noted for the number of saccades between sexes (males, 60.4 ± 20.3; females, 84.9 ± 41.8, p = .100) or in contrast acuity between all groups (p > .05). These results suggest the presence of sport-specific trends that may invalidate the comparison of postconcussion evaluation to generic baseline athlete eye movements.

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