Optional Regulation of Standard Contract Terms

2014 ◽  
pp. 71-92
Author(s):  
Florian Möslein
Keyword(s):  
Standard Contract

AKTA BORGTOCHT DALAM PERJANJIAN KREDIT

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-61
Author(s):  
G Victor William
Keyword(s):  
Economic Interest ◽  
Standard Contract ◽  
Written Form ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Made In

Personal guarantee (borgtocht) is an additional agreement (accesoir) which is made for the benefit of the creditor. Personal guarantee cannot exist if there is no legal principal agreement between the creditor and the debtor, therefore this guarantee agreement involves three parties, namely the creditor, the debtor and the guarantor. The main reason for the making of personal guarantee agreement is because there is a relationship of interest between the guarantor and the debtor (the guarantor has an economic interest in the business of the debtor). Personal guarantee in practice are always made in written form. Personal guarantee agreement can be made in the form of under the hand deed or notarial deed. In banking practices, the agreement is made in the form of a standard contract that has been provided by the bank as the creditor. The party that signs this deed is the debtor and the guarantor, hereinafter the deed kept by the bank.

Four Underlying Principles of Contract Law and the Foundational Contract-Law Standard

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melvin A. Eisenberg
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Principle ◽  
Contract Law ◽  
Normative Theory ◽  
Standard Contract

Chapter 3 develops four underlying principles of contract law and the foundational contract law standard. Under the most fundamental principle of contract law the aim of contract law should be to effectuate the objectives of parties to promissory transactions, provided that appropriate policy and moral conditions, such as freedom from duress and fraud, are satisfied, and subject to appropriate constraints, such as capacity and legality. The normative theory of contract law, taken together with the four underlying principles described in this chapter, comprise the foundational contract-law standard. Contract-law rules that are supported by the foundational standard are justified. Contract-law rules that are not so supported are unjustified.

scholarly journals KEDUDUKAN PERJANJIAN BAKU DALAM KAITANNYA DENGAN ASAS KEBEBASAN BERKONTRAK

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Roesli ◽  
Sarbini Sarbini ◽  
Bastianto Nugroho
Keyword(s):  
Standard Contract

Perjanjian adalah suatu perbuatan yang terjadi antara satu orang atau lebih mengikatkan dirinya terhadap orang lain atau lebih (Pasal 1313 KUH Perdata). Definisi perjanjian yang terdapat dalam ketentuan tersebut adalah tidak lengkap, dan terlalu luas. Tidak lengkap oleh karena yang dirumuskan itu hanya mengenai perjanjian sepihak saja. Perjanjian memberikan kebebasan seluas-luasnya kepada masyarakat untuk mengadakan perjanjian yang berisi apa saja asalkan tidak melanggar ketertiban umum dan kesusilaan. Hukum perjanjian di Indonesia menganut asas kebebasan dalam hal membuat perjanjian (beginsel der contracts vrijheid), dalam praktek dewasa ini, perjanjian seringkali dilakukan dalam bentuk perjanjian baku (standard contract), dimana sifatnya membatasi asas kebebasan berkontrak. Adanya kebebasan ini sangat berkaitan dengan kepentingan umum agar perjanjian baku itu diatur dalam undang- undang atau setidak-tidaknya diawasi pemerintah. Penelitian ini menggunakan tipe penelitian yuridis normatif, yaitu penelitian yang digunakan untuk mengkaji berlakunya kaidah-kaidah seperti perundang-undangan dalam hukum positif yang dihubungkan dengan permasalahan yang dibahas dalam artikel ini. Keabsahan perjanjian menjadi perdebatan di kalangan para sarjana hukum, ada yang menerima dan ada yang menolaknya. Adanya perbedaan tersebut tidak membuat eksistensi dari perjanjian baku hilang, perjanjian baku baku lahir karena kebutuhan masyarakat. Karena masyarakat menginginkan hal-hal yang bersifat pragmatis. Dalam perjanjian baku, konsumen dapat menolak atau menerima dan menandatangani atau tidak menandatangani.

scholarly journals KLAUSULA EKSONERASI DALAM PERJANJIAN KREDIT ANTARA PT. MANDIRI PERSERO (TBK) SEMARANG DENGAN WIBOWO S.E. DAN SITI AISYAH (Studi Kasus Putusan No. 8 K/Pdt/2013)

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 595
Author(s):  
Hellen Rumiris ◽  
Stanislaus Atalim
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Protection ◽  
Risk Sharing ◽  
The Other ◽  
Bank Credit ◽  
Standard Contract ◽  
Consumer Protection Act ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government ◽  
Credit Agreement ◽  
Banking Credit

Granting credit by the bank to the society greatly helps to develop a business that is run by community both individuals and legal entities. The government of the Republic of Indonesia has intructed banking to provide credit facilities especially for the middle and lower businesses. Banking credit agreement is a standard contract made by the bank by almost not giving freedom at all to the other parties to do negotiation for the requirements offered. This type of research using a normative juridicial research. This research aims to analyze the exoneration clauses in a credit agreement between PT. Bank Mandiri Persero (Tbk) Semarang with Wibowo, S.E. and Siti Aisyah. The bank credit agreement is the legal agreement to the Article 1320 of Indonesian Civil Code. However, the exoneration clauses listed on it contradicts some basis in the law agreement and also violates the provisions of Article 18 of The Consumer Protection Act. Clauses in a credit agreement are made to regulate the rights and the obligatons of the parties so that reasonable risk sharing occures between the bank and the customer. In fact, exoneration clauses are often abused by businessman attempting to diminish, divert and even refuse responsibility. The result of this research concludes that: First, the Government must provide more limits on the using of exoneration clauses through revision of The Consumer Protection Act. Second, PT. Bank Mandiri (Tbk) Semarang must be more meticulous and careful to determine contents of credit agreement.

Perlindungan Hukum Konsumen Pada Perjanjian Baku (Standar Contract) PT. Telkomsel Terhadap Penggunaan Kartu Pasca Bayar (Halo Kick)

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-145
Author(s):  
Ahyuni Yunus ◽  
Agustina Ali Bilondatu
Keyword(s):  
Research Method ◽  
Equal Opportunity ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Active Role ◽  
The State ◽  
Standard Contract ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Changing Times ◽  
The Stability

Penelitian ini bertujuan, pertama Bentuk perlindungan hukum konsumen pada perjanjian baku (Standart Contract) PT Telkomsel Terhadap Penggunaan Kartu Pasca Bayar (Halo Kick), kedua Upaya hukum konsumen Konsumen tindakan sepihak yang dilakukan oleh pihak Telkomsel. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian hukum normatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa, pertama, Perlindungan hukum terhadap pekerja dimaksudkan untuk menjamin hak-hak dasar dan menjamin kesamaan kesempatan serta perlakuan tanpa diskriminasi atas dasar apapun untuk mewujudkan kesejahteraan pekerja beserta keluarganya. Perlindungan pekerja tersebut hanya dapat tercapai jika adanya peran serta Negara secara aktif dalam menjaga stabilitas iklim industrialisasi dengan perindungan terhadap pekerja, atau dengan kata lain ditengah gesekan perubahan zaman dan menggeliatnya pertumbuhan ekonomi maka peran serta Negara merupakan keniscayaan. This study aims, firstly, the form of consumer legal protection in the PT Telkomsel standard contract against the use of postpaid cards (Halo Kick), secondly the consumer's legal efforts for unilateral actions taken by Telkomsel. The research method used is normative legal research method. The results show that, first, legal protection for workers is intended to guarantee basic rights and guarantee equal opportunity and treatment without discrimination on any basis to realize the welfare of workers and their families. Protection of workers can only be achieved if there is an active role of the State in maintaining the stability of the industrialization climate with protection of workers, or in other words, amidst the friction of changing times and stretching economic growth, the participation of the State is a necessity.

The Framework of Factors for the Improvement of the Significant Clauses in the Standard Form of Contract for the IBS Construction Approach in Malaysia

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Ashraf Mohd Fateh ◽  
◽  
Mohammad Fadhil Mohammad ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Research Output ◽  
Standard Form ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Standard Contract ◽  
Adoption And Implementation ◽  
Multi Method Approach ◽  
The Government ◽  
Contract Form

The Industrialised Building System (IBS) was introduced over 10 years ago in Malaysia, with well-documented benefits and strong support from the government. Apparently, the adoption and implementation of IBS is still low and below the government target. When adopting IBS, construction players mostly face different issues and challenges, particularly on contractual aspects, which contribute to the low adoption of IBS in Malaysia. There is also a lack of provision in the significant clauses of the Malaysian standard contract form to fit the development of IBS to date. The aim of this paper is thus to establish a system of factors underpinned by Deming's Theory for the improvement of the significant clauses in the standard contract form for IBS construction in Malaysia. A multi-method approach was used to achieve its aim, including an extensive literature review, findings from the previous study via document analysis, preliminary survey, questionnaire survey and semi-structured interviews. The research revealed that there are five significant clauses with important factors that can be improved in the existing Malaysian standard form of contract in relation to the IBS construction. The research also developed a framework that would be able to assist the policy and decision-makers in understanding what the improvement factors that need to be considered in the significant clauses in the standard form of contract in relation to the IBS construction. The research output (the framework) was validated by the prominent industry players on the practicality, suitability to its purposes for the related stakeholders. The developed framework would be able to accelerate the adoption of IBS construction in parallel with the initiatives (P3) in the Construction Industry Transformation Programme (CITP).

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