Towards an Ultimate Cashless Society and Potential Collaboration Between Blockchain and E-Payments

There are many different ways by which a user can make cashless payments—online banking, credit and debit cards, e-wallets, and QR codes just to name a few. The adoption of the methods of payment is largely determined by government rules as well as regulations in the respective countries. Hence, this study provides an in-depth discussion regarding the trends of e-payment adoption in selected countries. To strengthen the case for the digitalisation of transactions, the authors also consider the advantages of moving towards a cashless society. In addition, major issues that hinder the growth in the global adoption of e-payments found in cross-border transactions will be discussed. Furthermore, this chapter also explores the potential adaptation of blockchain technology on e-payment systems to solve the instant cross-border payment issue.

Analisis pengaruh kredit perbankan, pembiayaan bank syariah dan investasi terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi di Indonesia periode sebelum pandemi Covid-19 (2015-2019) dan periode pandemi Covid-19 tahun 2020

This study aims to identify the effects of conventional banking credit, Islamic banking financing, PMA and PMDN investment on Indonesia’s economic growth in the before (2015-2019) and after (2019-2020) Covid-19. This study used quantitative method with VAR/VECM analysis. In this study, the time series data were analyzed using eviews 10, while the comparison between before (2019) and after (2020) Covid-19 was carried out using paired samples t-test. The data were collected from various sources, including Financial Services Authority and central Bureau of Statistics. The findings show that the total investment carries significant negative effects on Indonesia’s economic growth, while conventional banking credit carries no effect on Indonesia economic growth. The Islamic banking financing brings positive significant effects in long-term toward Indonesia economic growth. Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh antara kredit perbankan konvensional, pembiayaan perbankan syariah dan investasi PMA dan PMDN terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi di Indonesia pada periode sebelum covid -19 tahun 2015 sampai 2019 dan periode covid-19 tahun 2019-2020. Penelitian ini menerapkan metode penelitian kuantitatif menggunakan analisis VAR/VECM dengan menggunakan data time series dan diolah menggunakan eviews 10, dan perbandingan perbedaan antara seluruh variabel dari tahun sebelum pandemi (2019) dan setelah adanya pandemic (2020) menggunakan pengujian Uji Beda Paired Samples t-test, data ini dikumpulkan dari berbagai sumber utama termasuk Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK) dan Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS). Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa total investasi berpengaruh negatif signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi di Indonesia, kredit perbankan konvensional tidak berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi di Indonesia. Sedangkan pada variabel pembiayaan perbankan syariah menunjukkan bahwa pembiayaan perbankan syariah berpengaruh positif signifikan dalam jangka panjang terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi di Indonesia

New «Old» Institutionalisation of Money Circulation in Post-Soviet Russia

For the study of the institutionalization of money circulation in post-Soviet Russia, an institutional-evolutionary approach was used, based on the ideas of Thorstein B. Veblen and Joseph A. Schumpeter, as well as John R. Commons. The object of the analysis was the institutional structures of money circulation, which are the most significant from the public interest point of view. The paper compares the results of the institutionalisation of money circulation in the USSR and post-Soviet Russia. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of transitional periods. In transitional periods there was a rejection, filtration, and correction of institutional forms of money circulation in terms of their compliance with public goals to develop the country's socio-economic system. The following features of the institutional design of the Soviet model are identified: first, the presence of a single-link, a hierarchical, centralized banking system with the concentration of the entire payment turnover system in the State Bank of the USSR; second, the existence of a "three-circuit system" of money turnover with cash for servicing the turnover of consumer goods, non-cash money for industrial consumption (investment) and convertible rubles for international export-import payments; third, the division of money turnover was supported by the creation of special banking institutions for servicing each of them, controlled by the State Bank of the USSR - the "State Labour Savings Banks", "Stroybank" and "Vneshtorgbank", respectively; fourth, the institutions of money circulation were an internal element of the system of the planned national economy of the USSR and were organically integrated into it. The institutionalisation of money circulation in post-Soviet Russia is characterized by the presence of new (albeit previously represented in the history of our country) institutions and has the following features: first, a two-tier banking system, the upper level of which is represented by the Central Bank of Russia, and the lower level is represented by banks and non-banking credit institutions; second, organizations of various forms of ownership operate in the sphere of money circulation, while state forms of ownership are playing an increasingly significant role; third, there is a stock exchange where stocks, bonds, currencies and other instruments of the money market are traded. The official exchange rate set by the Central Bank of Russia is based on stock quotes; fourth, the Federal Treasury operates to mediate the movement of budgetary funds. An additional element of control over their use is the introduction of "treasury accounts", to which budget funds are transferred and from where they are used for the implementation of state development programs. As a result, one can see that the process of institutional renewal of money circulation in post-Soviet Russia is associated with the return to a number of institutions characteristic of pre-revolutionary and Soviet history. Therefore we can talk about a new "old" institutionalisation of money circulation in post-Soviet Russia. The main vector of changes in recent years is associated with the increasing recognition of the social significance of this sphere, serving the public interest. A forecast has been made that state control over the processes of money circulation in modern Russia is likely to increase.

Implementation of GCG Principles in Distribution of Credit in SOE/BUMD Bank

The aims this study is to find out Implementation of GCG Principles in Distribution of Credit in SOE/BUMD Bank. This study use normative juridical research. The resul in this study shows that The board of directors and management of BUMN/BUMD banks absolutely must understand and apply the principles of GCG, especially in lending by applying the principles of GCG to prevent the occurrence of credit that has the potential to harm the company due to the lack of prudence and responsibility of officers to carry out loans. verification of customer data in the field. State-owned/BUMD Banks are required to be guided by the principles of GCG in implementing management so that the achievement of the goals and objectives, especially through the distribution of banking credit to the public and debtor customers can be obtained properly and maximally or at least not experiencing bad loans which have the potential to cause economic losses for the Bank BUMN/BUMD.

ANALISIS TRANSAKSI KREDIT PERBANKAN KONVENSIONAL DALAM PENERAPAN KAIDAH KULU QARDHIN JARRA NAF’AN FAHUA RIBA

In the distribution of funds, the system adopted by conventional banking in distributing funds is by providing credit or providing financing by banks to their customers. Credit Agreement is an initial process between creditors and debtors that is applied in the conventional banking system in its efforts to develop the funds that have been collected and also to make the best use of the funds. In conventional banking credit agreements there are debt and receivable transactions that are profitable for muqaridh (receivables) so that this is related to the Rules كلربا فهو منفعة جرم قرض has the meaning "Every debt that brings benefits (for receivables / muqaridh) is usury"

Development of Regional Commercial Banks in Digital Economy: Risks and Opportunities

The article is devoted to the analysis of the activity of regional commercial banks. The purpose of this article is to identify risks and prospects for the development of regional commercial banks in the digital economy. The author explores the concept of a regional bank, analyzes the peculiarities of the activities of regional banks in modern conditions of increasing banking competition. The article analyzes the state and trends of the development of the banking regional sector from the point of view of efficiency increase of their activities. It is shown that the number of regional banks is constantly declining, and a number of constituent entities of the Russian Federation do not have any longer in the structure of their regional banking system banking credit organizations chartered in their territory as a legal entity. The authors concluded that the development of regional banks can be efficient only through the qualitative growth of each individual regional bank, since in quantitative terms this sector of the Russian banking systems will only decrease. As an example the activity of Rostov bank Tsent-Invest and the regional bank of the Republic of Tatarstan Ak Bars Bank are shown, which occupied certain niches in the Russian banking system and fully compete with foreign banks. To identify and assess the current risks of the activity of regional banks specific characteristics of the digital transformation of the banking industry are determined. As the main risks of development, the authors identified the following ones: risk of increased banking competition, on the one hand, and the risk of monopolization of the banking market, on the other; risk of underfunding of financial technologies; information risks and cyber risks; risks of insufficient financial literacy of consumers of banking products and services; risks of customer base reduction. As opportunities for the development of regional banks the use of remote banking services, allowing to attract new customers, expansion of participation in the state programs, emergence of opportunities for the introduction and development of new business models, in particular ESG-banking are identified. The Bank of Russia can provide certain support for the development of regional banks in the context of digital transformation and increasing banking competition by creating and developing nationwide banking infrastructure platforms.

A Conceptual Framework for Bounded Rationality in Bank Officers’ Credit Decision for SME Lending in Malaysia

Based on the Bounded Rational Theory, ideally, bank credit officers would be influenced by both rational (fundamental factors) and irrational (behavioural factors) in their credit assessment and decision making process. Emphasizing on the irrational decision making perspective, behavioural factors distort the credit decision making process in the banking industry. Despite such evidence, the psychology perspectives in bank lending practice has been given little attention in research and neglected in practice and policy perspectives. This conceptual research investigated the role of irrationality in bank lending decision making. The research design involved three stages. The research started with conceptualization of the bounded rational credit decision framework. This was designed based on review of three theories and related empirical evidence. In the second stage, constructs and their measurement items were sourced from prior work. Thereafter, a questionnaire was developed. In the third stage, the validity of the questionnaire was tested using expert validation, pre-test and pilot-test involving 30 credit officers working in business banking division of a Malaysian bank. Findings from the pilot study confirmed the validity of the questionnaire as an instrument that can be used for future empirical test. This bounded rational credit decision framework can guide further empirical analysis on the role of behavioural factors in lending decision making. The framework provides new insights that are valuable in enhancing the SMEs lending theory, practice, and policy. Keywords: behavioural finance, bounded rational theory, business banking, credit decision, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)

Exploring the role of financial ratio and interest rate on banking credit channelling: Data from Indonesia

This study explores the effect of financial ratio and benchmark interest rate on the determinants of credit channelling in Indonesia. The data in this study uses quarterly data during the 2010-2019 period; the analysis technique in data processing uses panel data regression. The results of this study indicate that the model is simultaneous significant. Third-party funds and loan to funding ratio partially have a significant positive effect. Operating expenses and operating income have a significant negative impact. The benchmark interest rate has not substantially influenced the determinants of bank lending in Indonesia.

Growth and Factors Affecting the Uses of e-banking Services in India

The banking sectors and bankers have started using advanced technology to deliver banking services. In the e-banking, banks are using modern technology for banking activities and operations to provide good quality of services to their customers. This study is based on primary as well as secondary data. A five-point likert scale was used as a quantitative measure to understand consumer’s perception and factor affecting uses of e-banking services. The study found that, the uses of e-banking services like mobile banking, credit card facility and internet banking services are becoming popular in recent period and the comfortable level is higher with the ATM and debit card facility whereas customers are not comfortable while using internet banking services. The major reasons for less use of e-banking services are connectivity problem, less number of ATMs and ignorance of staff members. So, there is a need to increase infrastructure facilities and financial institutions should take initiatives for staff training and awareness related activities to increase uses of e-banking services.