scholarly journals Adaptive Diversification in Coevolutionary Systems

2015 ◽  
pp. 167-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Hui ◽  
H. O. Minoarivelo ◽  
S. Nuwagaba ◽  
A. Ramanantoanina
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Diversification

scholarly journals Have Niche, Will Travel. New Means of Linking Diet and Ecomorphology Reveals Niche Conservatism in Freshwater Cottoid Fishes

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
T J Buser ◽  
D L Finnegan ◽  
A P Summers ◽  
M A Kolmann
Keyword(s):  
Niche Conservatism ◽  
Freshwater Species ◽  
Evolutionary Transitions ◽  
Adaptive Diversification ◽  
Functional Aspects ◽  
Ecological Evolution ◽  
Jaw Apparatus ◽  
Cottoid Fishes ◽  
Freshwater Habitats ◽  
Dietary Niche

Synopsis Evolutionary transitions between habitats have been catalysts for some of the most stunning examples of adaptive diversification, with novel niches and new resources providing ecological opportunity for such radiations. In aquatic animals, transitions from saltwater to freshwater habitats are rare, but occur often enough that in the Neotropics for example, marine-derived fishes contribute noticeably to regional ichthyofaunal diversity. Here, we investigate how morphology has evolved in a group of temperate fishes that contain a marine to freshwater transition: the sculpins (Percomorpha; Cottoidea). We devised a novel method for classifying dietary niche and relating functional aspects of prey to their predators. Coupled with functional measurements of the jaw apparatus in cottoids, we explored whether freshwater sculpins have fundamentally changed their niche after invading freshwater (niche lability) or if they retain a niche similar to their marine cousins (niche conservatism). Freshwater sculpins exhibit both phylogeographical and ecological signals of phylogenetic niche conservatism, meaning that regardless of habitat, sculpins fill similar niche roles in either saltwater or freshwater. Rather than competition guiding niche conservatism in freshwater cottoids, we argue that strong intrinsic constraints on morphological and ecological evolution are at play, contra to other studies of diversification in marine-derived freshwater fishes. However, several intertidal and subtidal sculpins as well as several pelagic freshwater species from Lake Baikal show remarkable departures from the typical sculpin bauplan. Our method of prey categorization provides an explicit, quantitative means of classifying dietary niche for macroevolutionary studies, rather than relying on somewhat arbitrary means used in previous literature.

scholarly journals The Tomato Interspecific NB-LRR Gene Arsenal and Its Impact on Breeding Strategies

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 184
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Andolfo ◽  
Nunzio D’Agostino ◽  
Luigi Frusciante ◽  
Maria Raffaella Ercolano
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Breeding Strategies ◽  
Adaptive Diversification ◽  
Solanum Lycopersicum L ◽  
Solanaceae Species ◽  
Specific Pathogen ◽  
Adaptive Processes ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
R Loci

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is a model system for studying the molecular basis of resistance in plants. The investigation of evolutionary dynamics of tomato resistance (R)-loci provides unique opportunities for identifying factors that promote or constrain genome evolution. Nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR) receptors belong to one of the most plastic and diversified families. The vast amount of genomic data available for Solanaceae and wild tomato relatives provides unprecedented insights into the patterns and mechanisms of evolution of NB-LRR genes. Comparative analysis remarked a reshuffling of R-islands on chromosomes and a high degree of adaptive diversification in key R-loci induced by species-specific pathogen pressure. Unveiling NB-LRR natural variation in tomato and in other Solanaceae species offers the opportunity to effectively exploit genetic diversity in genomic-driven breeding programs with the aim of identifying and introducing new resistances in tomato cultivars. Within this motivating context, we reviewed the repertoire of NB-LRR genes available for tomato improvement with a special focus on signatures of adaptive processes. This issue is still relevant and not thoroughly investigated. We believe that the discovery of mechanisms involved in the generation of a gene with new resistance functions will bring great benefits to future breeding strategies.

EVOLUTION OF NICHE WIDTH AND ADAPTIVE DIVERSIFICATION

Evolution ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 58 (12) ◽  
pp. 2599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Ackermann ◽  
Michael Doebeli
Keyword(s):  
Niche Width ◽  
Adaptive Diversification

scholarly journals Public-good driven release of heterogeneous resources leads to genotypic diversification of an isogenic yeast population in melibiose.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anjali Mahilkar ◽  
Phaniendra Alugoju ◽  
Vijendra Kavatalkar ◽  
Rajeshkannan E. ◽  
Jayadeva Bhat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Public Good ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Model System ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Adaptive Diversification ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Convenient Model ◽  
Heterogeneous Resources

Adaptive diversification of an isogenic population, and its molecular basis has been a subject of a number of studies in the last few years. Microbial populations offer a relatively convenient model system to study this question. In this context, an isogenic population of bacteria (E. coli, B. subtilis, and Pseudomonas) has been shown to lead to genetic diversification in the population, when propagated for a number of generations. This diversification is known to occur when the individuals in the population have access to two or more resources/environments, which are separated either temporally or spatially. Here, we report adaptive diversification in an isogenic population of yeast, S. cerevisiae, when propagated in an environment containing melibiose as the carbon source. The diversification is driven due to a public good, enzyme α-galactosidase, leading to hydrolysis of melibiose into two distinct resources, glucose and galactose. The diversification is driven by a mutations at a single locus, in the GAL3 gene in the GAL/MEL regulon in the yeast.

scholarly journals Ant association facilitates the evolution of diet breadth in a lycaenid butterfly

2010 ◽  
Vol 278 (1711) ◽  
pp. 1539-1547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew L. Forister ◽  
Zachariah Gompert ◽  
Chris C. Nice ◽  
Glen W. Forister ◽  
James A. Fordyce
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Diet Breadth ◽  
Demographic Model ◽  
Adaptive Diversification ◽  
Host Range Evolution ◽  
Mutualistic Interactions ◽  
Novel Host ◽  
Lycaenid Butterfly ◽  
Ant Association

The role of mutualistic interactions in adaptive diversification has not been thoroughly examined. Lycaenid butterflies provide excellent systems for exploring mutualistic interactions, as more than half of this family is known to use ants as a resource in interactions that range from parasitism to mutualism. We investigate the hypothesis that protection from predators offered to caterpillars by ants might facilitate host-range evolution. Specifically, experiments with the butterfly Lycaeides melissa investigated the role of ant association in the use of a novel host, alfalfa, Medicago sativa , which is a sub-optimal host for larval development. Survival on alfalfa is increased by the presence of ants, thus supporting the hypothesis that interaction with ants might be important for host-range evolution. Using a demographic model to explore ecological conditions associated with host-range expansion in L. melissa , we conclude that the presence of ants might be an essential component for populations persisting on the novel, sub-optimal host.

Adaptive Diversification and Speciation as Pattern Formation in Partial Differential Equation Models

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Doebeli
Keyword(s):  
Differential Equation ◽  
Partial Differential Equation ◽  
Partial Differential Equations ◽  
Pattern Formation ◽  
Differential Equations ◽  
Adaptive Dynamics ◽  
Partial Differential ◽  
Adaptive Diversification ◽  
Differential Equation Models ◽  
Phenotype Distribution

This chapter discusses partial differential equation models. Partial differential equations can describe the dynamics of phenotype distributions of polymorphic populations, and they allow for a mathematically concise formulation from which some analytical insights can be obtained. It has been argued that because partial differential equations can describe polymorphic populations, results from such models are fundamentally different from those obtained using adaptive dynamics. In partial differential equation models, diversification manifests itself as pattern formation in phenotype distribution. More precisely, diversification occurs when phenotype distributions become multimodal, with the different modes corresponding to phenotypic clusters, or to species in sexual models. Such pattern formation occurs in partial differential equation models for competitive as well as for predator–prey interactions.

Adaptive Diversification Due to Cooperative Interactions

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Doebeli
Keyword(s):  
Public Good ◽  
Adaptive Diversification ◽  
Cooperative Interactions ◽  
Theoretical Literature ◽  
Mutualistic Interactions ◽  
Maintenance Of Diversity

This chapter focuses on adaptive diversification due to cooperative interactions. If predation has received less attention than competition as a cause for the origin and maintenance of diversity, mutualistic interactions have fared even worse. There is quite a substantial theoretical literature on the ecology of mutualistic interactions, but only a few studies have investigated mutualism as a potential driver of diversification. There is of course a rather huge literature on the evolution of intraspecific cooperation, and many of these models implicitly address the problem of coexistence between cheaters and cooperators, and hence the maintenance of diversity. However, the origin of diversity in cooperative contributions has only recently been investigated. Most models of cooperation assume that cooperators make a costly contribution to a public good, which is then distributed among certain members of the population.

Adaptive Diversification Due to Resource Competition in Asexual Models

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Doebeli
Keyword(s):  
Resource Selection ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Resource Competition ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Character Displacement ◽  
Adaptive Diversification ◽  
Ecological Character ◽  
Ecological Character Displacement ◽  
Phenotypic Diversification ◽  
Established Species

This chapter focuses on evolutionary branching in niche position due to frequency-dependent competition. When the majority phenotype of a population is competing for one type of resource, selection may favor minority phenotypes that consume different types of resources, which could result in phenotypic differentiation and divergence. The idea of divergence due to competition is also the basis for the well-known concept of ecological character displacement, although here the focus is not so much on the origin of diversity arising in a single species, but rather on the evolutionary dynamics of existing diversity between different and already established species. Ecological character displacement embodies the possibility that competition between species can drive divergence in characters determining resource use. However, there are alternative evolutionary scenarios for phenotypic diversification. In the context of resource competition, one such alternative is that individuals diversify their diet by evolving a wider niche.

Phylogenetic patterns and ontogenetic origins of limb length variation in ecologically diverse lacertine lizards

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerardo A Cordero ◽  
Anastasiia Maliuk ◽  
Xenia Schlindwein ◽  
Ingmar Werneburg ◽  
Oleksandr Yaryhin
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Preference ◽  
Habitat Associations ◽  
Limb Length ◽  
Habitat Specialization ◽  
Length Variation ◽  
Heterogeneous Environments ◽  
Historical Contingency ◽  
Adaptive Diversification ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Extant Species

Abstract Limb length is intrinsically linked to function and, ultimately, fitness. Thus, it can co-evolve with habitat structure, as exemplified by tropical lizards in highly heterogeneous environments. But does lizard limb length respond in a similar manner during adaptive diversification in temperate zones? Here, we examine variation in habitat preference and limb length in lacertine lizards from the Palaearctic. We tested the following three hypotheses: (1) species of the Lacertini tribe descended from a generalist ancestor and subsequently underwent habitat specialization; (2) specialized ecological roles are associated with relative limb length in extant species; and (3) interspecific differences in limb length emerge in embryonic development. Our comparisons supported an ancestral ‘rocky’ or ‘generalist’ habitat preference, and phenotype–habitat associations were particularly supported when examining size-adjusted forelimb length in 69 species that represented all known Lacertini genera. Moreover, we revealed an elevated interlimb ratio in high-vegetation species, which might be linked to climbing performance in species with relatively longer forelimbs. Furthermore, embryonic limb variation was detected solely against an Eremiadini outgroup species. Instead, hind limb length differences within Lacertini originated in post-hatching ontogeny. The mechanisms that modulate limb growth are likely to be limited in Lacertini, because adaptive morphological change might mirror historical contingency and the ecological context wherein this clade diversified.

scholarly journals Epistasis can accelerate adaptive diversification in haploid asexual populations

2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1802) ◽  
pp. 20142648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cortland K. Griswold
Keyword(s):  
Biological Sciences ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Balancing Selection ◽  
Ecological Process ◽  
Frequency Dependent ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Frequency Dependent Selection ◽  
Adaptive Diversification ◽  
Fundamental Goal ◽  
Asexual Populations

A fundamental goal of the biological sciences is to determine processes that facilitate the evolution of diversity. These processes can be separated into ecological, physiological, developmental and genetic. An ecological process that facilitates diversification is frequency-dependent selection caused by competition. Models of frequency-dependent adaptive diversification have generally assumed a genetic basis of phenotype that is non-epistatic. Here, we present a model that indicates diversification is accelerated by an epistatic basis of phenotype in combination with a competition model that invokes frequency-dependent selection. Our model makes use of a genealogical model of epistasis and insights into the effects of balancing selection on the genealogical structure of a population to understand how epistasis can facilitate diversification. The finding that epistasis facilitates diversification may be informative with respect to empirical results that indicate an epistatic basis of phenotype in experimental bacterial populations that experienced adaptive diversification.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document