Eye-Tracking Technology for Estimation of Cognitive Load After Traumatic Brain Injury

2015 ◽  
pp. 136-143
Author(s):  
Ashley Safford ◽  
Jessica Kegel ◽  
Jamie Hershaw ◽  
Doug Girard ◽  
Mark Ettenhofer
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Tracking Technology

Oculomotor, vestibular, reaction time and cognitive eye-tracking mild traumatic brain injury assessment

Neurology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 95 (20 Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. S2.1-S2
Author(s):  
Alex Kiderman ◽  
Michael Hoffer ◽  
Mikhaylo Szczupak ◽  
Hillary Snapp ◽  
Sara Murphy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Regression Model ◽  
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Retest Reliability ◽  
Test Retest Reliability ◽  
Tracking Technology

ObjectiveCan oculomotor, vestibular, reaction time and cognitive eye-tracking tests (OVRT-C) assess mild traumatic brain injury?BackgroundOVRT-C tests using eye tracking technology have been employed in our previous studies for assessing mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Here we present a composite Concussion Assessment algorithm that incorporates these findings.Design/MethodsConcussion Assessment algorithm was based on a data analysis from 406 males and females 18–45 years old. The subjects included 106 patients diagnosed with mTBI and 300 healthy controls. Diagnosis of mTBI was made using accepted medical practice. The participants were tested with a battery of OVRT-C tests delivered on the I-Portal Neuro Otologic Test Center (Dx NOTC) device (Neurolign Technology). A logistic regression model was used to derive the algorithm using a random sample of 70% of the data-set and validated on the remaining 30% of the data-set. Device test-retest reliability and inter-rater variability were assessed in a separate study in healthy control volunteers, ages 19–43 (n = 30). Subjects were tested with OVRT-C tests using the Dx100 which is equivalent to the NOTC. Test-retest reliability was assessed using Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) and Cronbach's alpha; testers and devices influence were assessed using a random effect regression model.ResultsTest-retest reliability of OVRT-C tests using eye tracking technology was acceptable (ICC >0.6 for all variables). The Concussion assessment algorithm was based on six OVRT-C tests. In the validation data Concussion Assessment algorithm was able to separate concussed versus controls with a sensitivity of 78.6% and specificity of 72.3%.ConclusionsOVRT-C tests delivered on I-Portal devices are repeatable and reliable. The assessment can identify mTBI subjects within an acute time post-injury with high sensitivity and specificity. The results support the use of this eye tracking device as well as the assessment to aid in the diagnosis of mTBI for patients 18–45 year old.

scholarly journals Vertical smooth pursuit as a diagnostic marker of traumatic brain injury

Concussion ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. CNC69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa Hunfalvay ◽  
Claire-Marie Roberts ◽  
Nicholas P Murray ◽  
Ankur Tyagi ◽  
Kyle W Barclay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Smooth Pursuit ◽  
Diagnostic Marker ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Severe Tbi ◽  
Tracking Technology ◽  
Different Levels

Aim: Neural deficits were measured via the eye tracking of vertical smooth pursuit (VSP) as markers of traumatic brain injury (TBI). The present study evaluated the ability of the eye tracking tests to differentiate between different levels of TBI severity and healthy controls. Methodology: Ninety-two individuals divided into four groups (those with mild, moderate or severe TBI and healthy controls) participated in a computerized test of VSP eye movement using a remote eye tracker. Results: The VSP eye tracking test was able to distinguish between severe and moderate levels of TBI but unable to detect differences in the performance of participants with mild TBI and healthy controls. Conclusion: The eye-tracking technology used to measure VSP eye movements is able to provide a timely and objective method of differentiating between individuals with moderate and severe levels of TBI.

scholarly journals Horizontal and vertical self-paced saccades as a diagnostic marker of traumatic brain injury

Concussion ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. CNC60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa Hunfalvay ◽  
Claire-Marie Roberts ◽  
Nick Murray ◽  
Ankur Tyagi ◽  
Hannah Kelly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Diagnostic Marker ◽  
Vertical Saccades ◽  
Severe Tbi ◽  
Study Methodology ◽  
Performance Results ◽  
Tracking Technology

Aim: Eye tracking tests to measure horizontal and vertical saccades as a proxy for neural deficits associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI) were evaluated in the present study. Methodology: A total of 287 participants reporting either no TBI, mild, moderate or severe TBI participated in a suite of eye tracking tests to measure horizontal and vertical saccadic performance. Results: The horizontal saccades test offered a sensitivity of 0.77 and a specificity of 0.78, similarly the vertical saccades tests offered a sensitivity of 0.64 and a specificity of 0.65. Conclusion: The results indicated that using eye-tracking technology to measure these metrics offers an objective, reliable and quantifiable way of differentiating between individuals with different severities of TBI, and those without a TBI.

scholarly journals Ocular disconjugacy cannot be measured without establishing a solid spatial reference

F1000Research ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Maruta
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Single Camera ◽  
Spatial Reference ◽  
Video Oculography ◽  
The Status

This correspondence points out a need for clarification concerning the methodology utilized in the study “Eye tracking detects disconjugate eye movements associated with structural traumatic brain injury and concussion”, recently published in Journal of Neurotrauma. The authors of the paper state that binocular eye movements were recorded using a single-camera video-oculography technique and that binocular disconjugate characteristics were analyzed without calibration of eye orientation. It is claimed that a variance-based disconjugacy metric was found to be sensitive to the severity of a concussive brain injury and to the status of recovery after the original injury. However, the reproducibility of the paper’s findings may be challenged simply by the paucity of details in the methodological description. More importantly, from the information supplied or cited in the paper, it is difficult to evaluate the validity of the potentially interesting conclusions of the paper.

Determining Inter-Rater Reliability of Eye Tracking Methods for Use with Persons with Severe Traumatic Brain Injury

2014 ◽  
Vol 95 (10) ◽  
pp. e78
Author(s):  
Lorene Leung ◽  
Rachel Cohn ◽  
Li-Ying Fan ◽  
Yelena Guller ◽  
Therese O'Neil-Pirozzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Severe Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Rater Reliability

scholarly journals Aberrant modulation of brain activity underlies impaired working memory following traumatic brain injury

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abbie S. Taing ◽  
Matthew E. Mundy ◽  
Jennie L. Ponsford ◽  
Gershon Spitz
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Neural Activation ◽  
Neural Processing ◽  
Specific Working

AbstractImpaired working memory capacity is a common and disabling consequence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) that is caused by aberrant neural processing. However, due to high heterogeneity in results across studies, it is challenging to conclude whether impaired working memory in this population is driven by neural hypo- or hyper-activation, and the extent to which deficits are perpetuated by specific working memory subprocesses. Using a combined functional magnetic resonance imaging and working memory paradigm, we tested the hypothesis that the pattern of neural activation subserving working memory following TBI would interact with both task demands and specific working memory subcomponents: encoding, maintenance, and retrieval. Behaviourally, we found that working memory deficits were confined to the high cognitive load trials. Our results confirmed our key prediction. Overall, TBI participants showed reduced brain activity while performing the working memory task. However, interrogation of the subcomponents of working memory revealed a more nuanced pattern of activation. When we simply averaged across all task trials, regardless of cognitive load or subcomponent, TBI participants showed reduced neural activation. When examined more closely, patterns of brain activity following TBI were found to interact with both task demands and working memory subcomponent. Participants with TBI demonstrated an inability to appropriately modulate brain activity between low and high demand conditions necessary during encoding and maintenance stages. Therefore, we demonstrate that conclusions about aberrant neural processing are dependent upon the level of analysis and the extent to which general cognitive domains can be parcellated into its constituent parts.

scholarly journals Saccade and Fixation Eye Movements During Walking in People With Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen Lirani-Silva ◽  
Samuel Stuart ◽  
Lucy Parrington ◽  
Kody Campbell ◽  
Laurie King
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Peak Velocity ◽  
Lumbar Vertebrae ◽  
Gait Velocity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mobile Eye Tracking

Background: Clinical and laboratory assessment of people with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) indicate impairments in eye movements. These tests are typically done in a static, seated position. Recently, the use of mobile eye-tracking systems has been proposed to quantify subtle deficits in eye movements and visual sampling during different tasks. However, the impact of mTBI on eye movements during functional tasks such as walking remains unknown.Objective: Evaluate differences in eye-tracking measures collected during gait between healthy controls (HC) and patients in the sub-acute stages of mTBI recovery and to determine if there are associations between eye-tracking measures and gait speed.Methods: Thirty-seven HC participants and 67individuals with mTBI were instructed to walk back and forth over 10-m, at a comfortable self-selected speed. A single 1-min trial was performed. Eye-tracking measures were recorded using a mobile eye-tracking system (head-mounted infra-red Tobbii Pro Glasses 2, 100 Hz, Tobii Technology Inc. VA, United States). Eye-tracking measures included saccadic (frequency, mean and peak velocity, duration and distance) and fixation measurements (frequency and duration). Gait was assessed using six inertial sensors (both feet, sternum, right wrist, lumbar vertebrae and the forehead) and gait velocity was selected as the primary outcome. General linear model was used to compare the groups and association between gait and eye-tracking outcomes were explored using partial correlations.Results: Individuals with mTBI showed significantly reduced saccade frequency (p = 0.016), duration (p = 0.028) and peak velocity (p = 0.032) compared to the HC group. No significant differences between groups were observed for the saccade distance, fixation measures and gait velocity (p > 0.05). A positive correlation was observed between saccade duration and gait velocity only for participants with mTBI (p = 0.025).Conclusion: Findings suggest impaired saccadic eye movement, but not fixations, during walking in individuals with mTBI. These findings have implications in real-world function including return to sport for athletes and return to duty for military service members. Future research should investigate whether or not saccade outcomes are influenced by the time after the trauma and rehabilitation.

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