Anatomy of the Frontal Area

OBJECTIVEThe purpose of this study was to investigate the morphology, connectivity, and correlative anatomy of the longitudinal group of fibers residing in the frontal area, which resemble the anterior extension of the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) and were previously described as the frontal longitudinal system (FLS).METHODSFifteen normal adult formalin-fixed cerebral hemispheres collected from cadavers were studied using the Klingler microdissection technique. Lateral to medial dissections were performed in a stepwise fashion starting from the frontal area and extending to the temporoparietal regions.RESULTSThe FLS was consistently identified as a fiber pathway residing just under the superficial U-fibers of the middle frontal gyrus or middle frontal sulcus (when present) and extending as far as the frontal pole. The authors were able to record two different configurations: one consisting of two distinct, parallel, longitudinal fiber chains (13% of cases), and the other consisting of a single stem of fibers (87% of cases). The fiber chains’ cortical terminations in the frontal and prefrontal area were also traced. More specifically, the FLS was always recorded to terminate in Brodmann areas 6, 46, 45, and 10 (premotor cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, pars triangularis, and frontal pole, respectively), whereas terminations in Brodmann areas 4 (primary motor cortex), 47 (pars orbitalis), and 9 were also encountered in some specimens. In relation to the SLF system, the FLS represented its anterior continuation in the majority of the hemispheres, whereas in a few cases it was recorded as a completely distinct tract. Interestingly, the FLS comprised shorter fibers that were recorded to interconnect exclusively frontal areas, thus exhibiting different fiber architecture when compared to the long fibers forming the SLF.CONCLUSIONSThe current study provides consistent, focused, and robust evidence on the morphology, architecture, and correlative anatomy of the FLS. This fiber system participates in the axonal connectivity of the prefrontal-premotor cortices and allegedly subserves cognitive-motor functions. Based in the SLF hypersegmentation concept that has been advocated by previous authors, the FLS should be approached as a distinct frontal segment within the superior longitudinal system.

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Aerodynamics of Cyclist Posture, Bicycle and Helmet Characteristics in Time Trial Stage

Journal of Applied Biomechanics ◽

10.1123/jab.28.3.317 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 28 (3) ◽

pp. 317-323 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Vincent Chabroux ◽

Caroline Barelle ◽

Daniel Favier

Keyword(s):

Statistical Analysis ◽

Wind Tunnel ◽

Drag Coefficient ◽

Drag Force ◽

Time Trial ◽

Frontal Area ◽

Significant Gain ◽

Upper Limbs ◽

Force Coefficient ◽

Coefficient Reduction

The present work is focused on the aerodynamic study of different parameters, including both the posture of a cyclist’s upper limbs and the saddle position, in time trial (TT) stages. The aerodynamic influence of a TT helmet large visor is also quantified as a function of the helmet inclination. Experiments conducted in a wind tunnel on nine professional cyclists provided drag force and frontal area measurements to determine the drag force coefficient. Data statistical analysis clearly shows that the hands positioning on shifters and the elbows joined together are significantly reducing the cyclist drag force. Concerning the saddle position, the drag force is shown to be significantly increased (about 3%) when the saddle is raised. The usual helmet inclination appears to be the inclination value minimizing the drag force. Moreover, the addition of a large visor on the helmet is shown to provide a drag coefficient reduction as a function of the helmet inclination. Present results indicate that variations in the TT cyclist posture, the saddle position and the helmet visor can produce a significant gain in time (up to 2.2%) during stages.

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A quantitative method to detect the ventilation paths in a mountainous urban city for urban planning: A case study in Guizhou, China

Indoor and Built Environment ◽

10.1177/1420326x15626233 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 26 (3) ◽

pp. 422-437 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Shi Ling Chen ◽

Jun Lu ◽

Wei Wei Yu

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Urban Land Use ◽

Frontal Area ◽

High Mountain ◽

Least Cost Path ◽

Area Index ◽

Mapping Procedure ◽

Urban City ◽

Local Topography ◽

The Government

In this paper, a new frontal area index (FAI) mapping method is presented to describe the surface roughness of Renhuai, as an example of typical medium high mountain gorge type Karst city. Comparing with the traditional calculating method of FAI, a local topography (hills) factor is added to the calculation of the FAI in each 100 m × 100 m grid cell. The results show that the modified FAI is more strongly related to the mountainous land-use type than traditional, and local topography regions with large podium structure had higher values than other urban land-use types in mountainous city. With the frontal area index mapping procedure and a self-compiled least cost path analysis method, the potential airflow corridors traversing through the study area can be located, and the total computation time is shorter and less than 1 s. Air volume, a significant measurement index of urban ventilation capacity, is then simulated in computational fluid dynamics model (CFD-PHOENICS) to confirm the significance and efficiency of these specific ventilation corridors. Based on our findings, the government and urban planners may use the descendent maps to understand the urban ventilation paths within a mountainous city for urban local renovation decisions.

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Contribution of the different planktonic microbial assemblages to ETS activity in the Ligurian frontal area: north-west Mediterranean Sea

Journal of Plankton Research ◽

10.1093/plankt/14.6.835 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 14 (6) ◽

pp. 835-850 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Claude Savenkoff ◽

Nadja Lins da Silva ◽

Dominique Lefèvre ◽

Michel Denis ◽

Fereidoun Rassoulzadegan

Keyword(s):

Mediterranean Sea ◽

Frontal Area ◽

Ets Activity ◽

North West ◽

Area North

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The study of early emotion processing in the frontal area using a two-dipole source model

Japanese Psychological Research ◽

10.1111/1468-5884.00131 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 42 (1) ◽

pp. 54-68 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Tomoyuki Yoshida ◽

Tatsuya Iwaki

Keyword(s):

Emotion Processing ◽

Source Model ◽

Frontal Area ◽

Dipole Source

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Crown-Root Angulation of Central Incisors in Cases With Maxillary Lateral Incisors Agenesis

European Scientific Journal ESJ ◽

10.19044/esj.2017.v13n15p330 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 13 (15) ◽

pp. 330

Author(s):

Alexandru Ogodescu ◽

Ramona Ştefănescu ◽

Emilia Ogodescu ◽

Andreea Igna ◽

Magda Luca ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Early Detection ◽

Dental Implant ◽

Treatment Plan ◽

Interdisciplinary Approach ◽

Frontal Area ◽

Lateral Incisor ◽

Crown Root ◽

Maxillary Lateral Incisor

Dental agenesis of the maxillary lateral incisor is a frequently seen anomaly in children and teenagers nowadays. It can alter the esthetics as well as the functions in the frontal area of the maxilla and therefore, early detection and therapy would be beneficial. The treatment often implies an interdisciplinary approach between orthodontics and implantology. One of the particularities of this kind of treatment is given by the distal angulation of central incisor’s root, which invades the space required by the dental implant. Any treatment plan should begin with a thorough radiographical analysis of the space and morphological particularities of the central incisors.

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BIOMETRIC SCORE FUSION

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ONLINE OF SCIENCE ◽

10.24113/ijoscience.v2i6.100 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2 (6) ◽

Author(s):

PANKAJ ,

Keyword(s):

Frontal Area ◽

Coarse Grained ◽

Security Level ◽

Focal Points ◽

Biometric Data ◽

Score Fusion ◽

Relative Change ◽

Modular Framework ◽

Score Combination ◽

Match Score

Multimodal biometric innovation in light of unique mark and finger knuckle has pulled in footing among scientists as of late. Despite the fact that Uni-modular framework offers many focal points, it has certain intrinsic shortcomings which deny it of the appeal. Uni-modular unique finger impression biometric frameworks performed singular acknowledgment in light of a particular wellspring of biometric data. However the match score esteem must be enhanced by working with low quality little closer view zone biometric pictures. In fact, the confirmation forms delivered by Finger Knuckle Print (FKP) brings about higher relative changes. The distortions between FKP pictures of same finger are of higher extent. The unimodal biometric check framework frequently gets influenced after accomplishing higher match score esteem. Besides, bimodal check framework does not accomplish higher security level which prompts to lesser combination score esteem. To diminish relative change on multimodal biometric framework, NonFracture based Fingerprint and Finger-Knuckle print Biometric Score Fusion (NFF-BSF) component is proposed in this paper. At first, particular estimation of match score is measured utilizing multimodal fitting coarse grained dissemination work. Multimodal fitting coarse grained dissemination capacity is utilized to work with low quality petite frontal area biometric pictures that accomplish high fitting score on the test and preparing biometric pictures. Also, Non-Fracture misshapening handling is completed in NFF-BSF instrument to diminish the adjustment fit as a fiddle of protest by utilizing bend length on biometric picture surfaces. At last, a coordinating technique in NFF-BSF instrument is utilized to decrease the relative changes. Thus, the relative changes on multimodal biometric framework expands the match score combination esteem. Investigation is directed on variables, for example, certifiable acknowledgment rate, coordinating score combination level and blunder rate on multimodal coordinating

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A Novel Training Bike and Camera System to Evaluate Pose of Cyclists

Volume 6: Design, Systems, and Complexity ◽

10.1115/imece2020-24069 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Raman Garimella ◽

Koen Beyers ◽

Thomas Peeters ◽

Stijn Verwulgen ◽

Seppe Sels ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Inertial Sensors ◽

Sagittal Plane ◽

Aerodynamic Drag ◽

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

The Body ◽

Frontal Area ◽

Motion Sensors ◽

Joint Angles ◽

Camera System ◽

Flexion Extension

Abstract Aerodynamic drag force can account for up to 90% of the opposing force experienced by a cyclist. Therefore, aerodynamic testing and efficiency is a priority in cycling. An inexpensive method to optimize performance is required. In this study, we evaluate a novel indoor setup as a tool for aerodynamic pose training. The setup consists of a bike, indoor home trainer, camera, and wearable inertial motion sensors. A camera calculates frontal area of the cyclist and the trainer varies resistance to the cyclist by using this as an input. To guide a cyclist to assume an optimal pose, joint angles of the body are an objective metric. To track joint angles, two methods were evaluated: optical (RGB camera for the two-dimensional angles in sagittal plane of 6 joints), and inertial sensors (wearable sensors for three-dimensional angles of 13 joints). One (1) male amateur cyclist was instructed to recreate certain static and dynamic poses on the bike. The inertial sensors provide excellent results (absolute error = 0.28°) for knee joint. Based on linear regression analysis, frontal area can be best predicted (correlation > 0.4) by chest anterior/posterior tilt, pelvis left/right rotation, neck flexion/extension, chest left/right rotation, and chest left/right lateral tilt (p < 0.01).

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