Radio Over Fiber System for A Four-Store Hospital Building

The goal of this project is to design and analyse a radio over fibre system for a four-story hospital with 20 rooms on each floor. The number of ONUs per floor is 20, and it was assumed that each room had an ONU capable of providing network access to voice, data, video, and biometrics. We build an 80-channel WDM optical transmitter using the WDM method. The proposed system includes a transmitter with 20 input channels, a multiplexer, a DE multiplexer, a 45-kilometer optical fibre, and an amplifier. The proposed model was simulated, and the results were evaluated in WDM systems using an optical amplifier. The receiver performance analysis of the Optical Communication System is shown by the BER simulation run and the eye diagram graphic, with the threshold set at 0.00120739. Furthermore, the eye height is 0.00141402, and the minimum BER is 5.59009e-006. When the simulated and calculated values of received power and total power loss are compared, the system is efficient. Keywords: Radio over fibre, Optical Amplifier, WDM system, DE multiplexer, Multiplexer, BER, Optical transmitter

On the use of a 2D-carbon microfiber fractionation system to improve flow-injection QTOF-HRMS analysis in complex matrices: the case of Abelmoschus manihot flower extracts

A two-dimensional microscale carbon fiber/active carbon fiber system combined with a quadrupole time of flight high-resolution mass spectrometer (2DCFs-QTOF-HRMS) system is proposed to rapidly putative identify polar, medium polar and...

Optimal Analysis of 40 Gbps Dispersion Compensated Optical Fiber System

Dispersion is one of the main factors that limit the development of optical fiber communication systems regarding data rate and long distance transmission of the signal. This is because of increases in dispersion with the increase in data rate and distance, resulting in signal degradation. In this work, we propose an optimal dispersion compensated optical fiber system, which is designed on the basis of Q-factor, eye height, and bit error rate. The system operates at a bit rate of 40 Gbps and a distance of 100 km. According to the optimization scheme, the system is simulated using the modulation format Non Return to Zero (NRZ) with uniform and Linear Chirped Apodized Fiber Bragg Grating (LCAFBG) as dispersion compensator. After deciding the Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) structure, other key parameters are simulated to meet the requirements. The simulation results show that using NRZ modulation format with a LCAFBG Tanh profile gives better performance.

Manipulating vector solitons with super-sech pulse shapes

Theoretical simulations about manipulating vector solitons with super-sech pulse shapes are conducted based on an optical fiber system in this manuscript. By changing temporal pulses’ parameters when orthogonally polarized pulses have the same or different input central wavelengths, output modes in orthogonal directions will demonstrate different properties. When input orthogonal modes have the same central wavelength, “2+2” pseudo-high-order vector soliton can be generated when time delay is changed. While under the condition of different central wavelengths, orthogonal pulses with multiple peaks accompanied with two wavelengths can be achieved through varying projection angle, time delay or phase difference. Our simulations are helpful to the study of optical soliton dynamics in optical fiber system.

Engineered Composite Lost Circulation Solution to Successfully Cure Total Losses During Drilling Across Naturally Fractured Formations in Ghawar Gas Field, Saudi Arabia

Lost circulation is one of the major challenges while drilling oil and gas wells across the world. It not only results in nonproductive time and additional costs, but also poses well control risk while drilling and can be detrimental to zonal isolation after the cementing operation. In Ghawar Gas field of Saudi Arabia, lost circulation across some naturally fractured formations is a key risk as it results in immediate drilling problems such as well control, formation pack-off and stuck pipe. In addition, it can lead to poor isolation of hydrocarbon-bearing zones that can result in sustained casing pressure over the life cycle of the well. A decision flowchart has been developed to combat losses across these natural fractures while drilling, but there is no single solution that has a high success rate in curing the losses and regaining returns. Multiple conventional lost circulation material pills, conventional cement plugs, diesel-oil-bentonite-cement slurries, gravel packs, and reactive pills have been tried on different wells, but the probability of curing the losses is quite low. The success with these methods has been sporadic and shown poor repeatability, so the need of an engineered approach to mitigate losses is imperative. An engineered composite lost-circulation solution was designed and pumped to regain the returns successfully after total losses across two different formations on a gas well in Ghawar field. Multiple types of lost-circulation material were tried on this well; however, all was lost to the naturally fractured carbonate formation. Therefore, a lost-circulation solution was proposed that included a fiber-based lost-circulation control (FBLC) pill, composed of a viscosifier, optimized solid package and engineered fiber system, followed by a thixotropic cement slurry. The approach was to pump these fluids in a fluid train so the FBLC pill formed a barrier at the face of the formation while the thixotropic cement slurry formed a rapid gel and quickly set after the placement to minimize the risk of losing all the fluids to the formation. Once this solution was executed, it helped to regain fluid returns successfully across one of the naturally fractured zones. Later, total losses were encountered again across a deeper loss zone that were also cured using this novel approach. The implementation of this lost-circulation system on two occasions in different formations has proven its applicability in different conditions and can be developed into a standard engineered approach for curing losses. It has greatly helped to build confidence with the client, as it contributed towards minimizing non-productive time, mitigated the risk of well control, and assisted in avoiding any remedial cementing operations that may have developed due to poor zonal isolation across certain critical flow zones.

Unexpected configurations for the optical solitons propagation in lossy fiber system with dispersion terms effect

In this work, we will design unexpected configurations for the optical soliton propagation in lossy fiber system in presence the dispersion term solitons via two distinct and impressive techniques. The first one is the (G’/G)-expansion method, while the second is solitary wave ansatze method. The two methods are implemented in same vein and parallel. The obtained perceptions are new and weren’t achieved before. The comparison between our achieved visions and that achieved by other authors who used different schemas has been documented.

Experimental Demonstration and Performance Enhancement of 5G NR Multiband Radio over Fiber System Using Optimized Digital Predistortion

This paper presents an experimental realization of multiband 5G new radio (NR) optical front haul (OFH) based radio over fiber (RoF) system using digital predistortion (DPD). A novel magnitude-selective affine (MSA) based DPD method is proposed for the complexity reduction and performance enhancement of RoF link followed by its comparison with the canonical piece wise linearization (CPWL), decomposed vector rotation method (DVR) and generalized memory polynomial (GMP) methods. Similarly, a detailed study is shown followed by the implementation proposal of novel neural network (NN) for DPD followed by its comparison with MSA, CPWL, DVR and GMP methods. In the experimental testbed, 5G NR standard at 20 GHz with 50 MHz bandwidth and flexible-waveform signal at 3 GHz with 20 MHz bandwidth is used to cover enhanced mobile broad band and small cells scenarios. A dual drive Mach Zehnder Modulator having two distinct radio frequency signals modulates a 1310 nm optical carrier using distributed feedback laser for 22 km of standard single mode fiber. The experimental results are presented in terms of adjacent channel power ratio (ACPR), error vector magnitude (EVM), number of estimated coefficients and multiplications. The study aims to identify those novel methods such as MSA DPD are a good candidate to deploy in real time scenarios for DPD in comparison to NN based DPD which have a slightly better performance as compared to the proposed MSA method but has a higher complexity levels. Both, proposed methods, MSA and NN are meeting the 3GPP Release 17 requirements.

Polarization control algorithm for QKD systems

The crucial task for polarization-encoding fiber QKD is to compensate polarization drift occurring in a quantum channel. To solve this problem, the receiver usually uses a polarization controller. For proper operation, this device must be efficiently managed in real-time. In this work, a gradient-descent-based algorithm is proposed to solve this problem. The algorithm was implemented and tested on a QRate commercial QKD fiber system, that utilizes BB84-protocol. Low and stable QBER has been obtained during a day of continuous operation.