Detection of User Mode Shift in Home

2007 ◽  
pp. 166-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Yamahara ◽  
Hideyuki Takada ◽  
Hiromitsu Shimakawa
Keyword(s):  
Mode Shift

scholarly journals A Comprehensive Emissions Model Combining Autonomous Vehicles with Park and Ride and Electric Vehicle Transportation Policies

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 4653
Author(s):  
Mohammed Obaid ◽  
Arpad Torok ◽  
Jairo Ortega
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Sustainable Transport ◽  
Mode Shift ◽  
Pollution Levels ◽  
Park And Ride ◽  
Model Combining ◽  
Autonomous Electric Vehicles

Several transport policies reduce pollution levels caused by private vehicles by introducing autonomous or electric vehicles and encouraging mode shift from private to public transport through park and ride (P&R) facilities. However, combining the policies of introducing autonomous vehicles with the implementation of electric vehicles and using the P&R system could amplify the decrease of transport sector emissions. The COPERT software has been used to calculate the emissions. This article aims to study these policies and determine which combinations can better reduce pollution. The result shows that each combination of autonomous vehicles reduces pollution to different degrees. In conclusion, the shift to more sustainable transport modes through autonomous electric vehicles and P&R systems reduces pollution in the urban environment to a higher percentage. In contrast, the combination of autonomous vehicles has lower emission reduction but is easier to implement with the currently available infrastructure.

Improving Intercity Passenger Rail Planning using Evidence from Passenger Survey Data

2018 ◽  
Vol 2672 (10) ◽  
pp. 236-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin R. Sperry ◽  
Tyler Collins
Keyword(s):  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Market Area ◽  
Investment Strategies ◽  
Federal Mandates ◽  
Alternative Mode ◽  
Mode Shift ◽  
Passenger Rail ◽  
Data Driven Approach ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Rail Services

Federal mandates require that states develop comprehensive state rail plans that clarify a vision for the role of intercity passenger rail services in the state’s transportation system and a program of projects necessary to achieve that vision. In that context, this paper presents an analysis of more than 10,000 surveys obtained during the past 10 years from passengers of five U.S. state-supported intercity passenger rail routes. The purpose of the analysis is to support the development of state rail plans by gaining valuable insight into passenger behavior, the market area for passenger rail services, and the broader mobility impacts of passenger rail services. The market area analysis found that approximately three-quarters of rail passengers live within 30 mi of a rail station, affirming the use of this distance as a radius for planning purposes. The mobility analysis indicated that automobile is the primary alternative to passenger rail services among passengers of the five routes; statistical models of alternative mode preference yielded significant insight into strategies that states can implement to increase the mode shift of automobile and airplane passengers to rail services. The findings and recommendations of this paper can be used by planners and policymakers to implement a practical yet data-driven approach to the development of passenger-related components of state rail plans, providing a clear linkage between investment strategies and statewide mobility goals.

Mode shift of an inhaled aerosol bolus is correlated with flow sequencing in the human lung

2002 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 1232-1238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher N. Mills ◽  
Chantal Darquenne ◽  
G. Kim Prisk
Keyword(s):  
Vital Capacity ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Mode Shift ◽  
Nitrogen Washout ◽  
Single Breath ◽  
Posture Change ◽  
Supine Posture ◽  
Residual Capacity ◽  
Phase Iii Slope

We studied the effects on aerosol bolus inhalations of small changes in convective inhomogeneity induced by posture change from upright to supine in nine normal subjects. Vital capacity single-breath nitrogen washout tests were used to determine ventilatory inhomogeneity change between postures. Relative to upright, supine phase III slope was increased 33 ± 11% (mean ± SE, P < 0.05) and phase IV height increased 25 ± 11% ( P < 0.05), consistent with an increase in convective inhomogeneity likely due to increases in flow sequencing. Subjects also performed 0.5-μm-particle bolus inhalations to penetration volumes (Vp) between 150 and 1,200 ml during a standardized inhalation from residual volume to 1 liter above upright functional residual capacity. Mode shift (MS) in supine posture was more mouthward than upright at all Vp, changing by 11.6 ml at Vp = 150 ml ( P < 0.05) and 38.4 ml at Vp = 1,200 ml ( P < 0.05). MS and phase III slope changes correlated positively at deeper Vp. Deposition did not change at any Vp, suggesting that deposition did not cause the MS change. We propose that the MS change results from increased sequencing in supine vs. upright posture.

scholarly journals Bikes or Bust? Analyzing the Impact of Bicycle Infrastructure on Business Performance in San Francisco

2019 ◽  
Vol 2673 (12) ◽  
pp. 277-289
Author(s):  
Raleigh McCoy ◽  
Joseph A. Poirier ◽  
Karen Chapple
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
Business Performance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Grocery Stores ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Mode Shift ◽  
Bicycle Infrastructure ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Transportation agencies at the local, state, and federal levels in the United States (U.S.) have shown a growing interest in expanding bicycle infrastructure, given its link to mode shift and safety goals. These projects, however, are far from universally accepted. Business owners have been particularly vocal opponents, claiming that bicycle infrastructure will diminish sales or fundamentally change the character of their neighborhoods. Using the case of San Francisco, this research explores the relationship between bicycle infrastructure and business performance in two ways: change in sales over time, and a comparison of sales for new and existing businesses. An ordinary least squares regression is used to model the change in sales over time, isolating the effect of location on bicycle infrastructure while controlling for characteristics of the business, corridor, and surrounding neighborhood. Through a series of t-tests, average sales for businesses that pre-date bicycle infrastructure and for those that opened after the installation of such projects are compared. Ultimately, the research suggests that location on bicycle infrastructure and changes in on-street parking supply generally did not have a significant effect on the change in sales, with a few exceptions. Businesses that sell goods for the home or auto-related goods and services saw a significant decline in sales when located on corridors with bike lanes. New and existing businesses generally had similar sales, though not across the board. New restaurants and grocery stores had significantly higher sales than their existing counterparts, suggesting bicycle infrastructure may attract more upmarket businesses in those industries.

Assessment of recent bottlenecks and estimation of effective population size in the Ethiopian wild sorghum using simple sequence repeat allele diversity and mutation models

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 274-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asfaw Adugna ◽  
Endashaw Bekele
Keyword(s):  
Population Size ◽  
Effective Population Size ◽  
Simple Sequence Repeat ◽  
Wild Relatives ◽  
Sequence Repeat ◽  
Wild Sorghum ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
Mode Shift ◽  
Heterozygosity Excess ◽  
Simple Sequence

Since the immediate wild relatives ofSorghum bicolor(L.) Moench are indigenous to Ethiopia, studying their population biology is timely for undertaking conservation measures. A study was conducted to investigate the occurrence of population bottlenecks and to estimate the long-term effective population size (Ne) in wild relatives of sorghum. For this, 40 samples of wild sorghum were collected from two remotely located populations that were allopatric to the cultivated sorghum. The presence of bottlenecks was investigated using heterozygosity excess/deficiency, mode shift and allelic diversity based on nine polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci. We also estimated theNeof the studied populations using two different methods employing SSR mutation models. The expected heterozygosity was found to be 0.41 and 0.71 and allelic richness was 3.0 and 4.9, in Awash and Gibe populations, respectively. Neither the heterozygosity excess nor the mode-shift methods detected signatures of bottlenecks in the studied populations. The effective size of the two wild sorghum populations studied also showed no risk of population reduction in these regions of Ethiopia. Therefore, these allopatric wild sorghum populations can survive by occupying patches by the roadsides and fences, areas within abandoned farm lands, forests, etc., which shows that their wild characteristics of adaptation have been adequate for them to survive from extinction despite extensive deforestation of their habitat for modern agriculture and frequent grazing by livestock. However, this does not guarantee the survival of these species for the future andex situconservation measures or policies could help maintain their diversity.

Multiple modes of activity in a model neuron suggest a novel mechanism for the effects of neuromodulators

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 872-882 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. C. Canavier ◽  
D. A. Baxter ◽  
J. W. Clark ◽  
J. H. Byrne
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Model Neuron ◽  
State Level ◽  
High Amplitude ◽  
Steady State Level ◽  
Molluscan Neuron ◽  
Dynamic Activity ◽  
Mode Shift ◽  
Synaptic Inputs ◽  
Synaptic Noise

1. Previous examination of the phase space of a mathematical model of a bursting molluscan neuron has demonstrated the existence of multiple stable oscillatory modes. The present study examined the extent to which multistability could be regulated by known modulatory agents, the consequences of that regulation on the response of the neuron to synaptic inputs, the effects of noise, and the potential of multistability to enrich the repertoire of neuromodulatory effects. 2. Coexisting stable attractors may appear when a change is made in a voltage-dependent conductance in a manner that simulates the application of a neuromodulator. A small transient perturbation can shift the model neuron between stable modes, greatly amplifying the original perturbation. Thus the model becomes more sensitive to conventional synaptic inputs. These mode shifts are robust in the presence of low-amplitude synaptic noise. 3. In response to random high-amplitude synaptic noise, a model neuron rendered multistable by a simulated application of a neuromodulator produces apparently random activity, whereas in response to the same synaptic noise, a monostable model neuron produces barely perturbed regular activity. Thus an increase in the number of attractors enhances sensitivity to both conventional synaptic inputs and noise. Conversely, a decrease is associated with a reduction in sensitivity. 4. The response of a neuron to a subsequent transient perturbation in the level of neuromodulator depends on the steady-state level of the neuromodulator. For example, if the steady-state level is associated with a multistable neuron, a mode shift produced by such a transient change in the level of neuromodulator (manifested in our model as a conductance change) can persist after the conductance is returned gradually to its original value. Thus multistable dynamic activity permits the effects of a neuromodulator to persist when the neuromodulator is no longer present. 5. The mechanism of mode shifting between coexisting stable oscillatory modes introduces a number of novel possibilities with potentially profound implications for information processing and storage in a single neuron.

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