A Wave Equation for Spin-1/2 Particles: The Dirac Equation

1997 ◽  
pp. 99-126
Author(s):  
Walter Greiner
Keyword(s):  
Wave Equation ◽  
Dirac Equation

scholarly journals Fermions in the Rindler spacetime

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (09) ◽  
pp. 1950140 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. C. N. Santos ◽  
C. C. Barros
Keyword(s):  
Differential Equation ◽  
Wave Equation ◽  
Energy Spectrum ◽  
Dirac Equation ◽  
Reference Frame ◽  
Bound States ◽  
Liouville Problem ◽  
External Potential ◽  
Compact Expression ◽  
Sturm Liouville

In this paper, we study the Dirac equation in the Rindler spacetime. The solution of the wave equation in an accelerated reference frame is obtained. The differential equation associated to this wave equation is mapped into a Sturm–Liouville problem of a Schrödinger-like equation. We derive a compact expression for the energy spectrum associated with the Dirac equation in an accelerated reference. It is shown that the noninertial effect of the accelerated reference frame mimics an external potential in the Dirac equation and, moreover, allows the formation of bound states.

Energy and momentum operator substitution method derived from Schrödinger equation for light and matter waves

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (24) ◽  
pp. 1950285
Author(s):  
Saviour Worlanyo Akuamoah ◽  
Aly R. Seadawy ◽  
Dianchen Lu
Keyword(s):  
Wave Equation ◽  
Dirac Equation ◽  
Schrödinger Equation ◽  
Schrodinger Equation ◽  
Momentum Operator ◽  
Matter Wave ◽  
Relativistic Wave Equation ◽  
Relativistic Energy ◽  
Substitution Method ◽  
Energy And Momentum

In this paper, the energy and momentum operator substitution method derived from the Schrödinger equation is used to list all possible light and matter wave equations, among which the first light wave equation and relativistic approximation equation are proposed for the first time. We expect that we will have some practical application value. The negative sign pairing of energy and momentum operators are important characteristics of this paper. Then the Klein–Gordon equation and Dirac equation are introduced. The process of deriving relativistic energy–momentum relationship by undetermined coefficient method and establishing Dirac equation are mainly introduced. Dirac’s idea of treating negative energy in relativity into positrons is also discussed. Finally, the four-dimensional space-time representation of relativistic wave equation is introduced, which is usually the main representation of quantum electrodynamics and quantum field theory.

scholarly journals A ONE-COMPONENT DIRAC EQUATION

1996 ◽  
Vol 11 (21) ◽  
pp. 3973-3985 ◽  
Author(s):  
STEFANO DE LEO
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Wave Equation ◽  
Dirac Equation ◽  
Wave Functions ◽  
Free Wave ◽  
Quaternionic Quantum Mechanics

We develop a relativistic free wave equation on the complexified quaternions, linear in the derivatives. Even if the wave functions are only one-component, we show that four independent solutions, corresponding to those of the Dirac equation, exist. A partial set of translations between complex and complexified quaternionic quantum mechanics may be defined.

scholarly journals Dirac Equation in Cosmological Inertial Frame

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sangwha Yi
Keyword(s):  
Wave Function ◽  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Wave Equation ◽  
Dirac Equation ◽  
Inertial Frame ◽  
Gordon Equation ◽  
Probability Amplitude ◽  
Function Type ◽  
Klein Gordon ◽  
Klein Gordon Equation

Dirac equation is a one order-wave equation. Wave function uses as a probability amplitude in quantum mechanics. We make Dirac Equation from wave function, Type A in cosmological inertial frame.The Dirac equation satisfy Klein-Gordon equation in cosmological inertial frame.

RELATIVISTIC PARTICLE WITH CURVATURE IN AN EXTERNAL ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD

1991 ◽  
Vol 06 (22) ◽  
pp. 3989-3996 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.V. NESTERENKO
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Wave Equation ◽  
Phase Space ◽  
Dirac Equation ◽  
Relativistic Particle ◽  
Canonical Quantization ◽  
Hamiltonian Formalism ◽  
External Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Operator Form ◽  
Complete Set

A model of a relativistic particle with curvature interacting with an external electromagnetic field in a “minimal way” is investigated. The generalized Hamiltonian formalism for this model is constructed. A complete set of the constraints in the phase space is obtained and then divided into first- and second-class constraints. On this basis the canonical quantization of the model is considered. A wave equation in the operator form, resembling the Dirac equation in an external electromagnetic field, is obtained. The massless version of this model is briefly discussed.

scholarly journals The Illusion of Quantum Mechanical Probability Waves

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. 1212-1224
Author(s):  
Wim Vegt
Keyword(s):  
Wave Equation ◽  
Dirac Equation ◽  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
Quantum Physics ◽  
Probability Function ◽  
Relativistic Quantum ◽  
Science And Religion ◽  
Niels Bohr ◽  
Quantum Mechanical ◽  
Mechanical Probability

An important milestone in quantum physics has been reached by the publication of the Relativistic Quantum Mechanical Dirac Equation in 1928. However, the Dirac equation represents a 1-Dimensional quantum mechanical equation which is unable to describe the 4-Dimensional Physical Reality. In this article the 4-Dimensional Relativistic Quantum Mechanical Dirac Equation expressed in the vector probability functions  and the complex conjugated vector probability function  will be published. To realize this, the classical boundaries of physics has to be changed. It is necessary to go back in time 300 years ago. More than 200 years ago before the Dirac Equation had been published. A Return to the Inception of Physics. The time of Isaac Newton who published in 1687 in the “Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica” a Universal Fundamental Principle in Physics which was in Harmony with Science and Religion. The Universal Path, the Leitmotiv, the Universal Concept in Physics. Newton found the concept of “Universal Equilibrium” which he formulated in his famous third equation Action = - Reaction. This article presents a New Kind of Physics based on this Universal Fundamental Concept in Physics which results in a New Approach in Quantum Physics and General Relativity. The physical concept of quantum mechanical probability waves has been created during the famous 1927 5th Solvay Conference. During that period there were several circumstances which came together and made it possible to create an unique idea of material waves being complex (partly real and partly imaginary) and describing the probability of the appearance of a physical object (elementary particle). The idea of complex probability waves was new in the beginning of the 20th century. Since then the New Concept has been protected carefully within the Copenhagen Interpretation. When Schrödinger published his famous material wave equation in 1926, he found spherical and elliptical solutions for the presence of the electron within the atom. The first idea of the material waves in Schrödinger’s wave equation was the concept of confined Electromagnetic Waves. But according to Maxwell this was impossible. According to Maxwell’s equations Electromagnetic Waves can only propagate along straight lines and it is impossible that Light (Electromagnetic Waves) could confine with the surface of a sphere or an ellipse. For that reason, these material waves in Schrödinger’s wave equation could only be of a different origin than Electromagnetic Waves. Niels Bohr introduced the concept of “Probability Waves” as the origin of the material waves in Schrödinger’s wave equation. And defined the New Concept that the electron was still a particle but the physical presence of the electron in the Atom was equally divided by a spherical probability function. In the New Theory it will be demonstrated that because of a mistake in the Maxwell Equations, in 1927 Confined Electromagnetic waves could not be considered to be the material waves expressed in Schrödinger's wave equation. The New Theory presents a new equation describing electromagnetic field configurations which are also solutions of the Schrodinger's wave equation and the relativistic quantum mechanical Dirac Equation and carry mass, electric charge and magnetic spin at discrete values.

Eigenvalues of energy in j (l + 1/2, l ‐ 1/2) electron state in the hydrogen atom derived from the relativistically modified Schrödinger equation

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-115
Author(s):  
Noboru Kohiyama
Keyword(s):  
Wave Equation ◽  
Hydrogen Atom ◽  
Dirac Equation ◽  
Schrödinger Equation ◽  
Radio Wave ◽  
Schrodinger Equation ◽  
Electron State ◽  
Microwave Emission

In the hydrogen atom, the eigenvalues of energy in j (l + 1/2, l ‐ 1/2) electron state cannot be correctly evaluated from the nonrelativistic Schrödinger equation. In order to express the relativistic properties of the wave equation for a particle with 1/2 spin, the Schrödinger equation is relativistically modified. The modified Schrödinger equation is solved for consistency with the eigenvalues of electron's energy derived from the Dirac equation. Based on the consistency of their eigenvalues, the different electron state is expressed. The microwave emission (e.g., 21 cm radio wave) by the hydrogen atom was thus predicted from this state.

scholarly journals Derivation of a Relativistic Wave Equation more Profound than Dirac’s Relativistic Wave Equation

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 102
Author(s):  
Koshun Suto
Keyword(s):  
Wave Equation ◽  
Hydrogen Atom ◽  
Dirac Equation ◽  
Potential Energy ◽  
Gordon Equation ◽  
Relativistic Wave Equation ◽  
Relativistic Wave ◽  
Departure Point ◽  
Klein Gordon ◽  
Klein Gordon Equation

The author has previously derived an energy-momentum relationship applicable in a hydrogen atom. Since this relationship is taken as a departure point, there is a similarity with the Dirac’s relativistic wave equation, but an equation more profound than the Dirac equation is derived. When determining the coefficients  and β of the Dirac equation, Dirac assumed that the equation satisfies the Klein-Gordon equation. The Klein-Gordon equation is an equation which quantizes Einstein's energy-momentum relationship. This paper derives an equation similar to the Klein-Gordon equation by quantizing the relationship between energy and momentum of the electron in a hydrogen atom. By looking to the Dirac equation, it is predicted that there is a relativistic wave equation which satisfies that equation, and its coefficients are determined. With the Dirac equation it is necessary to insert a term for potential energy into the equation when describing the state of the electron in a hydrogen atom. However, in this paper, a potential energy term is not introduced into the relativistic wave equation. Instead, potential energy is incorporated into the equation by changing the coefficient  of the Dirac equation.

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