Dirac Equation in Cosmological Inertial Frame

Dirac equation is a one order-wave equation. Wave function uses as a probability amplitude in quantum mechanics. We make Dirac Equation from wave function, Type A in cosmological inertial frame.The Dirac equation satisfy Klein-Gordon equation in cosmological inertial frame.

An Investigation on the Grasping Position Optimization-Based Control for Industrial Soft Robot Manipulator

Mitigating fatigue damage and improving grasping performance are the two main challenging tasks of applying the soft manipulator into industrial production. In this paper, the grasping position optimization-based control strategy is proposed for the soft manipulator and the corresponding characteristics are studied theoretically and experimentally. Specifically, based on the simulation, the resultant stress of step-function-type channels at the same pressure condition that was smallest compared with those of sine-function- and ramp-function-type channels, hence, a pneumatic network with step-function-type channels was selected for the proposed soft manipulator. Furthermore, in order to improve the grasping performance, the kinematics, mechanical, and grasping modeling for the soft manipulator were established, and a control strategy considering the genetic algorithm is introduced to detect the optimal position of the soft manipulator. The corresponding fabrication process and experiments were conducted to cross verify the results of the modeling and the control strategy. It is demonstrated that the internal pressure of the soft manipulator was reduced by 13.05% at the optimal position, which effectively helped mitigate the fatigue damage of the soft manipulator and prolonged the lifespan.

PENENTUAN JURUSAN PADA PROSES PENERIMAAN MAHASISWA DENGAN PENDEKATAN LOGIKA FUZZY

Choosing a major is not an easy matter. There are many factors that must be taken into account and carefully thought out so that in choosing a major, it will cause big losses. There are many ways to determine the selection of majors, one of which is by using fuzzy logic. Determination of majors is determined from the results of the selection test in the academic field with the subjects of Mathematics, English and Computer Knowledge. With the aim of recommending the selection of the right major according to academic abilities and improving quality. By using the fuzzy inference model Mamdani max-min method. The system simulation was tried using the MATLAB Fuzzy Toolbox software. The system design is carried out in several stages, namely: (1) formation of fuzzy sets, (2) formation of rules, (3) determination of the composition of rules, and (4) confirmation (defuzzification). Defuzzification is carried out using the Composite Moment method, with the types of membership functions used are mf-triangular, mf-trapezoid and mf-gaussian. From the results of the tests carried out, it shows that the mf-triangular and mf-trapezoid membership function types produce almost the same level of accuracy. While the membership function type mf-gaussian produces a high level of accuracy for mathematics by 87.50%, English 100% and computer knowledge 81.58%.

Augmentative and Alternative Communication in an Elementary School Setting: A Case Study

Purpose: Although there is a strong evidence base supporting the use of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) in school settings, the research-to-practice gap in this area remains a concern. Few studies have examined how AAC systems are implemented in school settings and whether these systems adequately promote communicative competence for students with complex communication needs. The aim of this case study was to better understand the ways in which elementary-age students with complex communication needs used AAC throughout daily routines. Method: Observations of five students, four receiving services under the category of autism and one under intellectual disability, in school settings were conducted to document the communication function, type of AAC systems used, and the times and activities during which AAC systems were accessible. In addition, supplemental interviews were conducted to understand the rationale for AAC implementation from the perspective of the special education teacher and speech-language pathologist. Results: Overall, findings from the observations and interviews indicated that a variety of AAC modes were utilized. Interactions represented a range of communicative functions, with the exception of social closeness, and were primarily observed during academic activities. However, there were some discrepancies between observations and interview data. Conclusions: Although these findings provide insight into how students with complex communication needs may use AAC in elementary school settings, more research is needed to explore AAC use across a range of students, classrooms, and schools. We present specific future research directions, along with implications and recommendations for AAC teams and researchers.

Instantaneous cross-correlation function type of WD based LFM signals analysis via output SNR inequality modeling

Linear canonical transform (LCT) is a powerful tool for improving the detection accuracy of the conventional Wigner distribution (WD). However, the LCT free parameters embedded increase computational complexity. Recently, the instantaneous cross-correlation function type of WD (ICFWD), a specific WD relevant to the LCT, has shown to be an outcome of the tradeoff between detection accuracy and computational complexity. In this paper, the ICFWD is applied to detect noisy single component and bi-component linear frequency-modulated (LFM) signals through the output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) inequality modeling and solving with respect to the ICFWD and WD. The expectation-based output SNR inequality model between the ICFWD and WD on a pure deterministic signal added with a zero-mean random noise is proposed. The solutions of the inequality model in regard to single component and bi-component LFM signals corrupted with additive zero-mean stationary noise are obtained respectively. The detection accuracy of ICFWD with that of the closed-form ICFWD (CICFWD), the affine characteristic Wigner distribution (ACWD), the kernel function Wigner distribution (KFWD), the convolution representation Wigner distribution (CRWD) and the classical WD is compared. It also compares the computing speed of ICFWD with that of CICFWD, ACWD, KFWD and CRWD.

A Novel Approach to Generate Type-1 Fuzzy Triangular and Trapezoidal Membership Functions to Improve the Classification Accuracy

Fuzzy logic is an approach that reflects human thinking and decision making by handling uncertainty and vagueness using fuzzy membership functions. When a human is engaged in the design of a fuzzy system, symmetric properties are naturally preferred. Fuzzy c-means clustering is a clustering algorithm that can cluster datasets to produce membership matrix and cluster centers, which results in generating type-1 fuzzy membership functions. However, fuzzy c-means algorithm has a limitation of producing only a single membership function type, Gaussian MF. Generation of multiple fuzzy membership functions is of immense importance as it provides more efficient and optimal solutions to a problem. Therefore, an approach to generate multiple type-1 fuzzy membership functions through fuzzy c-means is required for the optimal and improved results of classification datasets. Hence, to overcome the limitation of the fuzzy c-means algorithm, an approach for the generation of type-1 fuzzy triangular and trapezoidal membership function through fuzzy c-means is considered in this study. The approach is used to calculate and enhance the accuracy of classification datasets called iris, banknote authentication, blood transfusion, and Haberman’s survival. The proposed approach of generating MFs using FCM produce asymmetric MFs, whose results are compared with the MFs produced from grid partitioning (GP), which are symmetric MFs. The results show that the proposed approach of generating type-1 fuzzy membership function through fuzzy c-means is effective and can be adopted.

Explicit Exact Solutions of Space-time Fractional Drinfel’d-Sokolov-Wilson Equations

The space-time fractional Drinfel’d-Sokolov-Wilson equations (DSWEs) has attracted many researchers’ attention in recent years. In this study, combining the (G’/G,1/G)-expansion method and a fractional wave transformation, we derive abundant explicit exact solutions of the DSWEs with the conformable fractional derivative. All of the resulting solutions include triangle, hyperbolic and rational function type. It shows this technique is effective and reliable to find exact solutions of other similar nonlinear fractional partial differential equations (NFPDEs).

Theoretical study of the adsorption of BMSF-BENZ drug for osteoporosis disease treatment on Al-doped carbon nanotubes (Al-CNT) as a drug delivery vehicle

The adsorption energy of the BMSF-BENZ adsorbed complexes was investigated to understand the non-local dispersion interactions, with many other chemical parameters related to this subject like HOMO and LUMO, energy gap, and the time needed for the BMSF-BENZ to be desorbed from the nanotube (recovery time). Our study reveals that Al-CNT is a promising adsorbent for this drug as Eads of BMSF-BENZ/Al-CNT complexes are -22.09, -38.68, -12.89, -31.01, -27.31, -21.90, and -21.42 kcal/mol in the gas phase on the active atoms of the BMSF BENZ (Br, N8, N9, N58, O35, O41, and S), respectively. In addition, the spontaneous and favorable interaction between the BMSF BENZ and all nanoparticles was confirmed by investigating Gibbs free energy and quantum theory of atoms in molecule analysis (QTAIM) so that it can be used as an electrochemical sensor or biosensor. Furthermore, to more visualize the nature of intermolecular bonding and the strength of interaction between the BMSF-BENZ drug molecule and the nanotube, QTAIM has been widely studied in the case of drug delivery purposes. Al-CNT (4,0) can be extended as a drug delivery system and the work function type sensor.

Exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in Hospital Environment: Working in a COVID-19 Ward Is a Risk Factor for Infection

Aims. Health care workers (HCWs) are at risk of acquiring the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection (SARS-CoV-2). The aim of the study is to determine the SARS-CoV-2 positivity rates during the first epidemiologic peak among HCWs of a south Belgian hospital and to identify risks factors for infection. Methods. All hospital staff who worked during the first epidemiological peak were asked to answer a questionnaire regarding demographical data, function, type of working unit, type of contact with patients, eventual symptomatology, and the positivity of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing or immunoassay. Results. A total of 235 questionnaires were collected; 90 (38%) HCWs tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 from either RT-PCR or immunoassay testing. The positivity rate of HCWs between wards was statistically different (p = 0.004) and was higher in COVID-19 wards than Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and Emergency Department (ED). A total of 114 (49%) HCWs presented SARS-CoV-2-compatible symptomatology; 79 (88%) were positive on either RT-PCR or immunoassay testing; 74 (37%) HCWs were unable to work during the studied period; 5 were hospitalized. No deaths were reported. Multivariate logistic regression modeling showed that having symptoms was highly associated with test positivity (OR 23.3, CI 11.1, 53.1, p-value < 0.001). Working in a COVID-19 ward against working in ICU or ED was also predictive of positivity among HCWs (OR 3.25, CI 1.50, 7.28, p-value = 0.003). Discussion and Conclusions. This study shows a higher positivity rate compared to already reported positivity rates among HCWs. Reported differences in positivity rates depend on many factors, such as local crisis intensity, screening strategy, training in use of self-protective equipment, and study selection bias. HCWs working in COVID-19 wards, in comparison to ED and ICU, seemed at greater risk of being infected in this study. This could be explained by the disparity of HCWs’ experience in handling self-protective equipment and knowledge in infection prevention. Hence, care should be taken in proper training for less-experienced HCWs during hospital epidemics. The latter could increase HCWs’ protection and consequently decrease work absenteeism, ensuring enhanced continuity of patient care during hospital crisis. Rapid quarantine of symptomatic HCWs could reduce contamination rates, as having symptoms was highly associated with test positivity in this study.