Chloroplast Movement in Higher Plants, Ferns and Bryophytes: A Comparative Point of View

2013 ◽  
pp. 131-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Königer
Keyword(s):  
Higher Plants ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Chloroplast Movement

Mikroalgák mint természetes hatóanyagforrások

2018 ◽  
Vol 159 (18) ◽  
pp. 703-708
Author(s):  
Gábor Vasas
Keyword(s):  
Mass Production ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Herbal Products ◽  
Chlorella Sp ◽  
Economic Significance ◽  
Preclinical And Clinical Studies ◽  
Microalgal Species

Abstract: More than 90% of herbal products and herbal medicines have been derived from higher plants recently, but due to independent circumstances, several photosynthetic microalgal species are in focus in this point of view. In the last 50 years, many carbohydrate-, peptide-, terpenoid-, alkaloid- and phenol-type components were described from algae because of the developing structural determination and analytical methods, algae mass production and also artificial algae technologies. At the same time, based partly on traditional causes and partly on the clinical and preclinical data of today, some dried products of algae are directly used as food supplements. Hereinafter, the historical background, economic significance and metabolic background of the mostly used microalgal species will be reviewed. The diverse metabolite production of these organisms will be demonstrated by some molecules with special bioactivity. Several preclinical and clinical studies will be described relating to the microalgal species Spirulina sp., Chlorella sp., Haematococcus sp. and Dunaliella sp. Orv Hetil. 2018; 159(18): 703–708.

Recombinant Protein Production in Microalgae: Emerging Trends

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niaz Ahmad ◽  
Muhammad Aamer Mehmood ◽  
Sana Malik
Keyword(s):  
Chloroplast Genome ◽  
Recombinant Proteins ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Chloroplast Transformation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Nuclear Transformation ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Algal Chloroplast

: In recent years, microalgae have emerged as an alternative platform for large-scale production of recombinant proteins for different commercial applications. As a production platform, it has several advantages, including rapid growth, easily scale up and ability to grow with or without the external carbon source. Genetic transformation of several species has been established. Of these, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has become significantly attractive for its potential to express foreign proteins inexpensively. All its three genomes – nuclear, mitochondrial and chloroplastic – have been sequenced. As a result, a wealth of information about its genetic machinery, protein expression mechanism (transcription, translation and post-translational modifications) is available. Over the years, various molecular tools have been developed for the manipulation of all these genomes. Various studies show that the transformation of the chloroplast genome has several advantages over nuclear transformation from the biopharming point of view. According to a recent survey, over 100 recombinant proteins have been expressed in algal chloroplasts. However, the expression levels achieved in the algal chloroplast genome are generally lower compared to the chloroplasts of higher plants. Work is therefore needed to make the algal chloroplast transformation commercially competitive. In this review, we discuss some examples from the algal research, which could play their role in making algal chloroplast commercially successful.

scholarly journals INSECTICIDAL AND ANTIFEEDANT ACTIVITY OF THE ETHANOLIC EXTRACTS FROM ALLIUM ROTUNDUM L.

AGROFOR ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dina ELISOVETCAIA ◽  
Raisa IVANOVA ◽  
Jan BRINDZA
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Leptinotarsa Decemlineata ◽  
Aerial Part ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Moderate Level ◽  
Antifeedant Activity ◽  
Practical Point ◽  
Ethanolic Extracts

The species of the genus Allium L., one of the largest genera of higher plants,occupying a significant place in the modern plant world, are of great interest bothfrom the theoretical and from the practical point of view. Plants of Allium spp.accumulate a large amount of carbohydrates, phenolic compounds (flavonoids andits glycosides, coumarins, anthocyanins, catechins), amino acids and organosulfurcompounds, such as allicin – a precursor for alkaloids and saponins formation.Secondary metabolites of Allium spp. have been successfully used during the pastfew decades in plants protection against pests and pathogens. We have earlierreported about high insecticidal and antifeedant properties of extracts from A.subhirsutum L., A. narcissiflorum Vill. and A. ramosum L. The highest insecticidalproperties against imago (20.0%) and larvae (60.0%) of Leptinotarsa decemlineata(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidaea) were demonstrated by extract from aerial part of A.subhirsutum. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the insecticidal,antifeedant and repellent properties of A. rotundum L. extracts against variousspecies of insects. As a result, it was found that the ethanolic extracts from theaerial part possessed the moderate level (40.0%) of insecticidal properties againstthe larvae of the L. decemlineata and low – against the imago (6.7-13.3%).Moreover, the extracts of A. rotundum showed moderate level of insecticidal,antifeedant and repellent activity against the larvae of lepidopterans (cottonbudworm Helicoverpa armigera and wax moths Galleria mellonella).

scholarly journals Light Harvesting in Fluctuating Environments: Evolution and Function of Antenna Proteins across Photosynthetic Lineage

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1184
Author(s):  
Pushan Bag
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Light Harvesting ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Vast Number ◽  
Unicellular Organisms ◽  
And Function ◽  
Pigment Protein Complex ◽  
Antenna Systems

Photosynthesis is the major natural process that can harvest and harness solar energy into chemical energy. Photosynthesis is performed by a vast number of organisms from single cellular bacteria to higher plants and to make the process efficient, all photosynthetic organisms possess a special type of pigment protein complex(es) that is (are) capable of trapping light energy, known as photosynthetic light-harvesting antennae. From an evolutionary point of view, simpler (unicellular) organisms typically have a simple antenna, whereas higher plants possess complex antenna systems. The higher complexity of the antenna systems provides efficient fine tuning of photosynthesis. This relationship between the complexity of the antenna and the increasing complexity of the organism is mainly related to the remarkable acclimation capability of complex organisms under fluctuating environmental conditions. These antenna complexes not only harvest light, but also provide photoprotection under fluctuating light conditions. In this review, the evolution, structure, and function of different antenna complexes, from single cellular organisms to higher plants, are discussed in the context of the ability to acclimate and adapt to cope under fluctuating environmental conditions.

scholarly journals Cloroplast pigments as indicators of lead stress

2014 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 877-884 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvânia M. de S. Gomes ◽  
Vera Lucia A. de Lima ◽  
Adailson P. de Souza ◽  
Joab J. V. R. do Nascimento ◽  
Everaldo S. do Nascimento
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Ricinus Communis ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Vetiveria Zizanioides ◽  
Chlorophyll Contents ◽  
Environment Quality ◽  
Ricinus Communis L ◽  
Alternative Routes

Plants respond to environmental adversities, becoming an indicator for assessing the environment quality. In this aspect, chlorophyll contents as well, carotenoids are used as a reliable indicator to associate environmental quality and pollution, mainly regarding the toxicity of heavy metals in higher plants. So, we aimed to evaluate the content of chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophylls and carotenoids in plants vetiver [Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash], maize (Zea mays L.) cv. AG 1051, sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cv. BRS 122/V-2000, and castor beans (Ricinus communis L. ) cv . Northeastern BRS grown in contaminated soil with lead, with and without correction of soil pH, so they were used as indicators of metal stress by the soil. From the biochemical point of view, the correction of soil pH values caused chlorophyll a, b and total statistically higher for vetiver species and castor beans in the analyzed periods, except for the analysis performed 60 days after transplanting where only the species vetiver benefited from the correction of soil pH on the content of chlorophyll b and total. On the other hand plants without correction of soil pH showed a decrease of all chlorophyll levels. In addition, the largest increase in the synthesis of carotenoids, indicated that under stress the plants have developed alternative routes of dissipation of energy in order to avoid problems of photo-inhibition and photo-oxidation.

scholarly journals The inhibitory effect of KN-93 and KN-62 as a result of CaM-directed blocking animal CaMK2 and plant CDPK activation

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 298-304
Author(s):  
D. O. Novozhylov ◽  
P. A. Karpov ◽  
D. O. Samofalova ◽  
M. A. Popitak ◽  
Ya. B. Blume
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Docking ◽  
Calcium Binding ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Binding Domain ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Reference Structure ◽  
Amino Acid Residues ◽  
Score Functions ◽  
Calcium Binding Domain

Aim. The goal of the study was determine whether, from a molecular point of view, inhibitors KN-93 and KN-62 are capable to disrupt the functioning of plant homologs of CaMK2 and being used as tools for the experimental study of Ca2+-dependent phosphorylation in higher plants. Methods. Selected calmodulin 1 H.sapiens reference structure and reconstructed spatial structure of calcium-binding domain of CPK1 A.thaliana. We have conducted the molecular docking of calmodulin-mediated inhibitors to CaMK2: KN-93 and KN-62 for CALM1 H. sapiens and calcium-binding domain of CPK1 A. thaliana with full ligand mobility and static amino acid residues with the use of CCDC GOLD Suite. Results. We have established the presence of spatially homologous structures within CALM1 and CPK1 that might be the binding sites for KN-93 and KN-62. Performing the molecular docking we have shown the utility of those pockets from the point of binding energy for KN-93 and KN-62. We have conducted comparative analysis basing on the results of the CCDC GOLD Suite score functions (GoldScore and ASPScore). Conclusions. It has been shown that the inhibitors of animal CaMK2 - KN93 and KN62 are capable of interacting with the site of the CaM-like domain of the plant protein kinase CPK1 homologous to the similar site of animal calmodulin, which may impair its functionality. Keywords: CaMK2, CDPK, CPK1, protein kinases, molecular docking, KN-93, KN-62. 

scholarly journals Populations in clonal plants

1986 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 239-276
Author(s):  
Jussi Tammisola
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Clonal Growth ◽  
Foraging Behaviour ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Clonal Plants ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Allocation Of Resources ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
Animal Populations ◽  
Genetic Patchiness

Population phenomena in higher plants are reviewed critically, particularly in relation to clonality. An array of concepts used in the field are discussed. In contrast to animals, higher plants are modular in structure. Plant populations show hierarchy at two levels: ramets and genets. In addition, their demography is far more complicated, since even the direction of development of a ramet may change by rejuvenation. Therefore, formulae concerning animal populations often require modification for plants. Furthermore, at the zygotic stage, higher plants are generally less mobile than animals. Accordingly, their population processes tend to be more local. Most populations of plants have a genetic structure: alleles and genotypes are spatially aggregated. Due to the short-ranged foraging behaviour of pollinators, genetically non-random pollination prevails. A generalized formula for parent-offspring dispersal variance is derived. It is used to analyze the effect of clonality on genetic patchiness in populations. In self-compatible species, an increase in clonality will tend to increase the degree of patchiness, while in self-incompatible species a decrease may result. Examples of population structure studies in different species are presented. A considerable degree of genetic variation appears to be found also in the populations of species with a strong allocation of resources to clonal growth or apomictic seed production. Some consequences of clonality are considered from the point of view of genetic conservation and plant breeding.

scholarly journals Enzymology and Regulation of δ1-Pyrroline-5-Carboxylate Synthetase 2 From Rice

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Sabbioni ◽  
Dietmar Funck ◽  
Giuseppe Forlani
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Feedback Inhibition ◽  
Redox Status ◽  
Product Inhibition ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Assay Method ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
Proline Biosynthesis

Under several stress conditions, such as excess salt and drought, many plants accumulate proline inside the cell, which is believed to help counteracting the adverse effects of low water potential. This increase mainly relies upon transcriptional induction of δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS), the enzyme that catalyzes the first two steps in proline biosynthesis from glutamate. P5CS mediates both the phosphorylation of glutamate and the reduction of γ-glutamylphosphate to glutamate-5-semialdehyde, which spontaneously cyclizes to δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C). In most higher plants, two isoforms of P5CS have been found, one constitutively expressed to satisfy proline demand for protein synthesis, the other stress-induced. Despite the number of papers to investigate the regulation of P5CS at the transcriptional level, to date, the properties of the enzyme have been only poorly studied. As a consequence, the descriptions of post-translational regulatory mechanisms have largely been limited to feedback-inhibition by proline. Here, we report cloning and heterologous expression of P5CS2 from Oryza sativa. The protein has been fully characterized from a functional point of view, using an assay method that allows following the physiological reaction of the enzyme. Kinetic analyses show that the activity is subjected to a wide array of regulatory mechanisms, ranging from product inhibition to feedback inhibition by proline and other amino acids. These findings confirm long-hypothesized influences of both, the redox status of the cell and nitrogen availability, on proline biosynthesis.

The Geosciences Applied to Lunar Exploration

1962 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 169-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Green
Keyword(s):  
Lunar Surface ◽  
Probable Mechanism ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Lunar Exploration ◽  
Geological Model ◽  
Apply Geophysics ◽  
Surface Features ◽  
The Impact

The term geo-sciences has been used here to include the disciplines geology, geophysics and geochemistry. However, in order to apply geophysics and geochemistry effectively one must begin with a geological model. Therefore, the science of geology should be used as the basis for lunar exploration. From an astronomical point of view, a lunar terrain heavily impacted with meteors appears the more reasonable; although from a geological standpoint, volcanism seems the more probable mechanism. A surface liberally marked with volcanic features has been advocated by such geologists as Bülow, Dana, Suess, von Wolff, Shaler, Spurr, and Kuno. In this paper, both the impact and volcanic hypotheses are considered in the application of the geo-sciences to manned lunar exploration. However, more emphasis is placed on the volcanic, or more correctly the defluidization, hypothesis to account for lunar surface features.

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