Resistance to Snow Mold Fungi (Microdochium nivale and Typhula ishikariensis) in Grasses and Cereals

1993 ◽  
pp. 353-353
Author(s):  
A. M. Tronsmo
Keyword(s):  
Microdochium Nivale ◽  
Snow Mold ◽  
Typhula Ishikariensis

Continuous variation within isolates of Typhula ishikariensis bio types B and C associated with habitat differences

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (8) ◽  
pp. 1768-1773 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naoyuki Matsumoto ◽  
Akitoshi Tajimi
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Snow Cover ◽  
Continuous Variation ◽  
Snow Mold ◽  
Typhula Ishikariensis ◽  
Mold Fungus ◽  
Habitat Differences ◽  
Apparent Correlation ◽  
Biotype B ◽  
Northern Japan

Isolates of the snow mold fungus, Typhula ishikariensis, were collected from seven localities in northern Japan where snow cover conditions differ. The isolates were identified as T. ishikariensis biotype B, which produces large sclerotia, biotype C with smaller sclerotia, and large sclerotial and intermediate forms. Mating experiments with tester monokaryons indicated that all populations were related. Populations from localities with deep, persistent snow cover produced larger sclerotia, which germinated more readily carpogenically (biotype B and the large sclerotial form) than those from localities where snow cover was shorter and intermittent (biotype C). The aggressiveness of the former was more variable, whereas the latter was without exception aggressive. There was no apparent correlation between growth rate at 0 °C and duration of snow cover. It was concluded that biotype C has been selected for localities with ephemeral snow cover, but that biotypes B and C and the related forms do not form distinct populations and should be regarded as a single taxon.

Neutral lipids, phospholipids, and a betaine lipid of the snow mold fungus Microdochium nivale

1998 ◽  
Vol 44 (11) ◽  
pp. 1051-1059 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Istokovics ◽  
Naoki Morita ◽  
Kazuo Izumi ◽  
Tamotsu Hoshino ◽  
Isao Yumoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Neutral Lipid ◽  
Polar Lipid ◽  
Lipid Fraction ◽  
Microdochium Nivale ◽  
Neutral Lipid Fraction ◽  
Polar Lipid Fraction ◽  
Snow Mold ◽  
Betaine Lipid

The hyphae of the snow mold Microdochium nivale contained lipids in a yield of about 10% w/w of the dry matter of hyphae. The total lipid was fractionated into neutral and polar lipid fractions. In the neutral lipid fraction, triacylglylcerol was the sole major component. As minor components, ergosterol, diacylglycerol, free fatty acid, and fatty acyl ergosterol were identified. The polar lipid fraction contained phospholipids, glycolipids, and a lipid containing neither phosphorus nor sugar. Phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidic acid were identified as phospholipids. The polar lipid fraction included at least four kinds of glycolipids that have not been identified. A very unusual lipid in fungi, a betaine lipid, diacylglyceryltrimethylhomoserine, was identified by chemical and physicochemical analyses. The level of the neutral lipid fraction, which accounted for 60% of the total lipid in hyphae at the exponential phase, was significantly increased compared with that of the polar lipid fraction and constituted 80% of the total at the stationary phase. The neutral and polar lipids of Microdochium nivale contained 18:3 (9,12,15), 18:2 (9,12), 18:1 (9), and 16:0 as principal fatty acids. Among them, 18:2 (9,12) and 18:3 (9,12,15) were the major fatty acids of triacylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylethanolamine, whereas in diacylglyceryltrimethylhomoserine, the major components were 16:0 and 18:3 (9,12,15).Key words: snow mold, phospholipids, betaine lipid, fatty acid, Microdochium nivale.

scholarly journals A cold inducible multidomain cystatin from winter wheat inhibits growth of the snow mold fungus, Microdochium nivale

Planta ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 223 (6) ◽  
pp. 1207-1218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petya Koeva Christova ◽  
Nikolai Kirilov Christov ◽  
Ryozo Imai
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Microdochium Nivale ◽  
Snow Mold ◽  
Mold Fungus

Studies on turfgrass snow mold caused by Typhula ishikariensis. II. Microscopical observation of infected bentgrass leaves

Mycoscience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ko-lchi Oshiman ◽  
Issei Kobayashi ◽  
Haruhiro Shigemitsu ◽  
Hitoshi Kunoh
Keyword(s):  
Microscopical Observation ◽  
Snow Mold ◽  
Typhula Ishikariensis

Genets of Typhula ishikariensis biotype A belonging to a vegetative compatibility group

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (11) ◽  
pp. 1695-1700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naoyuki Matsumoto ◽  
Selya Tsushima ◽  
Kazuko Uchiyama
Keyword(s):  
Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
Vegetative Compatibility ◽  
Vegetative Compatibility Group ◽  
Snow Mold ◽  
Vegetative Compatibility Groups ◽  
Mating Patterns ◽  
Typhula Ishikariensis ◽  
Compatibility Group ◽  
Incompatibility Alleles

Vegetative compatibility groups of Typhula ishikariensis biotype A include different isolates from various localities, and the most prevalent one (super vegetative compatibility group) was studied to reveal that this super group consisted of several genets existing throughout the habitat of T. ishikariensis biotype A in Hokkaido, Japan. Random amplified polymorphic DNA and mating incompatibility alleles were studied for 10 isolates belonging to the super vegetative compatibility group from two localities 250 km distant from each other and for five isolates belonging to different groups. Seven primers, which distinguished vegetative compatibility groups, were screened out of 60 and produced a total of 55 bands. The 10 super group isolates were divided into 5 subgroups, and the five unique isolates did not cluster with each other. Protoplasts were produced from each isolate to obtain monokaryons. They were then mated with tester monokaryons derived from basidiospores of two parental isolates, one of which belonged to the super vegetative compatibility group. Mating patterns suggested that the 10 super group isolates shared common mating incompatibility alleles but this was not the case with those belonging to unique groups. The super vegetative compatibility group was found to consist of several genets with many ramets distributed throughout the habitat of T. ishikariensis biotype A in Hokkaido. These genets were regarded as sib-related dikaryons derived from basidiospores. Keywords: Typhula ishikariensis, snow mold, genet, RAPD, mating incompatibility.

Antifreeze proteins from snow mold fungi

2003 ◽  
Vol 81 (12) ◽  
pp. 1175-1181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamotsu Hoshino ◽  
Michiko Kiriaki ◽  
Satoru Ohgiya ◽  
Mineko Fujiwara ◽  
Hidemasa Kondo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Space ◽  
Antifreeze Proteins ◽  
Methylotrophic Yeast ◽  
Antifreeze Protein ◽  
Ice Crystals ◽  
Stone Age ◽  
Snow Mold ◽  
Typhula Ishikariensis ◽  
Hexagonal Ice ◽  
Molecular Masses

The psychrophilic fungi Coprinus psychromorbidus and Typhula ishikariensis produced unique antifreeze proteins (AFPs) in the extracellular space. Molecular masses of purified fungal AFPs of C. psychromorbidus and T. ishikariensis were approximately 22 and 23 kDa, respectively. Cloned genes of AFPs from T. ishikariensis do not have any similarity with known proteins. Purified fungal AFPs from cultural filtrate of T. ishikariensis and recombinant fungal AFP from methylotrophic yeast formed specific ice crystals resembling "Stone Age knives". These observations indicate that fungal AFPs do not form proper hexagonal ice crystals to inhibit their growth and that fungal AFPs can probably bind to surfaces of ice crystals in an irregular manner.Key words: antifreeze protein, snow mold fungi, Coprinus psychromorbidus, Typhula ishikariensis.

scholarly journals Aggressiveness of Typhula ishikariensis Isolates to Cultivars of Bentgrass Species (Agrostis spp.) Under Controlled Environment Conditions

Plant Disease ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 90 (7) ◽  
pp. 951-956 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. W. Chang ◽  
T. H. Chang ◽  
L. Tredway ◽  
G. Jung
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Golf Course ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Snow Mold ◽  
Inoculum Concentration ◽  
Typhula Ishikariensis ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Differential Responses

Speckled snow mold, caused by Typhula ishikariensis, is one of the most important Typhula snow molds in subarctic zones of the Northern Hemisphere. Nine isolates of three T. ishikariensis varieties (var. ishikariensis, var. canadensis, and var. idahoensis) isolated from infected turfgrasses on golf course fairways throughout Wisconsin were evaluated for their aggressiveness toward nine cultivars of three bentgrass species (three creeping, three colonial, and three velvet cultivars) under controlled environmental conditions. Speckled snow mold severity increased as inoculum concentration of T. ishikariensis was increased. In general, bentgrass susceptibility increased between 9 and 11 weeks after seeding but gradually decreased thereafter, suggesting expression of age-related resistance as plants matured. Significant differences in aggressiveness were detected within and among T. ishikariensis varieties. Significant interactions between T. ishikariensis varieties or isolates and bentgrass species were detected, but there was no interaction between pathogen isolates and bentgrass cultivars. Disease severity evaluations showed significant differences among bentgrass cultivars and species in their response to T. ishikariensis. Since bentgrass species exhibit differential responses to T. ishikariensis varieties, representative isolates of each variety should be employed for screening of bentgrass germplasm for resistance to speckled snow mold.

scholarly journals Snow mold fungus, Typhula ishikariensis group III, in Arctic Norway can grow at a sub-lethal temperature after freezing stress and during flooding

Sommerfeltia ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Hoshino ◽  
A. Tronsmo ◽  
I. Yumoto
Keyword(s):  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Freezing Stress ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Liquid Media ◽  
Lethal Temperature ◽  
Snow Mold ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Typhula Ishikariensis ◽  
Group I ◽  
Mold Fungus

Snow mold fungus, Typhula ishikariensis group III, in Arctic Norway can grow at a sub-lethal temperature after freezing stress and during floodingIsolates of the snow mold fungus Typhula ishikariensis group III, which is predominant in Finnmark (northern Norway) and Svalbard, are more resistant to freezing stress than group I isolates from the southern part of Norway. Group III isolates showed irregular growth on potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates when subjected to heat stress at 10°C. However, group III isolates showed relatively good growth on PDA at 10°C after freezing treatment. The optimal temperatures for mycelial growth were 5°C on PDA and 10°C in potato dextrose broth (PDB), and group III isolates showed normal mycelial growth at 10°C in PDB. Mycelium of group III isolates cultivated in water poured into PDA plates, and normal hyphal extension was observed only in the liquid media. Hyphal growth became irregular when mycelia had extended above the surface of the liquid media. These results suggested that group III isolates can grow at a sub-lethal temperature after freezing stress and during flooding. Soil freezing and thawing occurs regularly in the Arctic, and physiological characteristics of group III isolates are well adapted to climatic conditions in the Arctic.

Development of resistance to Microdochium nivale in winter wheat during autumn and decline of the resistance under snow

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (8) ◽  
pp. 1211-1215 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Nakajima ◽  
J. Abe
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Snow Cover ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Microdochium Nivale ◽  
Snow Mold ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Rate Of Decline ◽  
Food Reserves ◽  
Fusarium Nivale ◽  
Accumulated Degree Days

The effect of autumn climate on the development of resistance to pink snow mold (Microdochium nivale) in winter wheat was estimated in mid-December. Changes in resistance over time under snow cover were also determined. Resistance in December was closely correlated with the accumulated degree-days above 0 °C from sowing. The number of days of incubation at which 50% of the plants are killed (LI50) was lowest in the cool autumn in 1988 and highest in the warm autumn in 1989. Temperatures below 5 °C were also required for expression of resistance. Differences in LI50 between resistant and susceptible cultivars were most apparent in late autumn. Continuous snow cover was found to reduce resistance to pink snow mold. The rate of decline of the resistance in cv. Nanbukomugi during the winters under snow was lower than in cv. PI 173438 and cv. Kitakamikomugi. The resistance to pink snow mold was correlated with the amount of etiolated growth at 25 °C. This indicates that exhaustion of food reserves during prolonged snow cover predisposed wheat plants to snow mold diseases. Key words: pink snow mold, Fusarium nivale, Monographella nivalis, resistance progressive and degressive curves, Triticum aestivum L., field test.

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