Experiences and Lessons from Agri-Food System Transformation for Sustainable Food Security: A Review of China’s Practices

Food system transformation has been a widely discussed topic in international society over time. For the last few decades, China has made remarkable achievements in food production and has contributed greatly to the reduction in global hunger and poverty. Examining experiences and lessons from China’s food security practices over the years is helpful to promote a national food system transformation for China, as well as other developing countries. This study systematically reviews the literature on Chinese food security studies, with the aim of assessing China’s food security achievements and examining the remaining and emerging issues in the pursuit of food system transformation. The results show that China has continuously promoted food system transformation in land consolidation, agri-food production technologies, management and organization modes, food reserves, trade governance, and food consumption. These transformations ensure not only food availability, timeliness, and nutrition, but also in terms of the ecological, social, and economic sustainability, feasibility, and justice of food security. However, China is also confronting new challenges in food security, for example, malnutrition, environmental unsustainability, and reductions in diversified agri-food. In the future, China is expected to be committed to promoting healthy diets, sustainable agricultural production, climate change mitigation, and the reduction of food waste and loss to enhance its agri-food system’s resilience.

The Impact of COVID-19 on Food Stockpiling Behavior over Time in China

Studying the impact of COVID-19 on consumer food stockpiling behavior is timely and imperative. It can provide important information and help to understand whether consumers permanently change their behavior or return to their old habits in the long run. This study analyzed Chinese consumers’ food stockpiling behavior using six rounds of nationwide surveys in China from December 2020 to July 2021. The results show that the scale of food reserves extended from 3.03 to 10.01 days after the outbreak of COVID-19, then dropped to a “new normal” plateau and kept fluctuating with the tide of the COVID-19 pandemic. Consumers who stockpile food for “Avoiding shortage” and “Pursuing ease” are going to stockpile food on a larger scale, implying a supply shock may affect the demand side. Those who perceive a higher level of severity of the pandemic are less likely to return to their old habits. Finally, although consumers’ food stockpiling behavior fluctuates with the tide of COVID-19 pandemic, it gradually returns to old habits over time.

Gambaran Kejadian Anemia Pada Ibu Hamil : Literature Review

Pregnant women are very susceptible to anemia due to lack of food reserves and before pregnancy they were already anemic. Pregnant women need more iron intake than before pregnancy. Problems in pregnant women are problems in pregnancy that can cause anemia. This literature review aims to determine the description of the incidence of anemia in pregnant women from various articles. This study uses a descriptive method with a literature review approach. Search articles through PubMed and Google Scholar according to keywords and then analyzed according to inclusion and exclusion criteria and found 5 articles and reviewed using the Joanna Instrument (JBI). The description of the incidence of anemia in pregnant women showed anemia as many as 258 respondents (35.3%) and those who experienced anemia were not as many as 472 respondents (64.7%). In this literature review, it was concluded that most pregnant women did not experience anemia.Keywords: Anemia, Pregnant Women AbstrakIbu hamil sangat rentan mengalami anemia karena cadangan makanan kurang dan pada saat sebelum hamil sudah mengalami anemia. Ibu hamil membutuhkan asupan zat besi yang lebih banyak dibandingkan saat sebelum hamil. Permasalahan pada ibu hamil adalah masalah – masalah dalam kehamilan yang dapat menimbulkan anemia. Literatur Review ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Gambaran Kejadian Anemia Pada Ibu Hamil dari berbagai artikel. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif dengan pendekatan literature review. Pencarian artikel melalui PubMed dan Google Scholar sesuai dengan kata kunci kemudian dianalisa sesuai dengan keriteria inklusi dan ekslusi dan ditemukan 5 artikel dan di review menggunakan Instrument Joanna (JBI). Gambaran kejadian Anemia pada ibu hamil didapatkan hasil anemia sebanyak 258 responden (35,3%) dan yang mengalami tidak anemia sebanyak 472 responden (64,7%). Dalam penelitian literature review ini disimpulkan bahwa sebagian besar ibu hamil tidak mengalami anemia.Kata kunci : Anemia, Ibu Hamil

The increasing of Human Resources quality Through Food Security in Semarang City (A Study of Legal Anthropology)

Development of food security has a strategic meaning in development in an area through its human resources, in accordance with Constitution number 18 of 2012 concerning food, that the provincial, district / city and / or village governments determine the type and amount of certain food reserves according to the consumption needs of the local community. The Human Development Index (HDI) also states that three factors determine the Human Development Index, namely education, health, and economy, so the quality of human resources is very influential and has an important role in developing and managing food so that a synergistic relationship between various aspects of the food security development in a region is needed. In this study, improving the quality of human resources in the city of Semarang in terms of the Anthropological Study of Law on food security, the method used through a normative juridical approach that is the law conceptualized as a normative symptom in legislation with the legal anthropological approach, the population in this study is the Department of Agriculture Semarang City with samples of food products in improving the quality of its human resources The results of this study comes through the Empirical Legal Anthropology approach, the support of strong and effective food institutions can spur growth, development and improvement of food, the nutritional status improvement of the community is very influential in improving the quality of human resources in increasing intelligence and the performance of human resources in determining future growth as one of strengthening local food security in the city of Semarang. With the availability of high quality human resources characterized by a strong physical, strong mental, excellent health and mastering science and technology can support the development of the city of Semarang.

Analysis of regional government food reserves in West Java Province

The Law No. 18/2012 concerning food mentions that local governments determine the types and amounts of certain food reserves. Currently, the existence of regional government food reserve (RGFR) is still relatively varied, according to the capacity of local governments. This study aims to analyze management policies, the amount of RGFR, management problems and strengthening strategies. The research was conducted in March-April 2021 in Cianjur and Garut Districts, West Java Province. The analysis was carried out quantitatively and descriptive qualitatively. The results of the analysis show that the RGFR management policy in West Java is stipulated by Governor Regulation No. 37/2017 concerning the provision and distribution of RGFR, while in the study location the stipulation is through a Regent Regulation. In West Java, RGFR management collaborates with BULOG, with a RGFR amount target of around 1,200 tons (2020). At the study locations in Garut and Cianjur Districts, the amount of district government food reserves (DGFR) in 2020 was 50 tons and 33 tons, respectively. In Garut District, food procurement through third party partners and the district government already has a food storage warehouse, while in Cianjur District the management is in collaboration with BULOG. The problems in RGFR management, among others, are related to the capacity of the budget for food procurement, and the seriousness of local governments to increase it. To strengthen RGFR and DGFR, government policy support is needed to increase food production according to regional production potential, and continuously increase the amount and continue to improve the management system.

The implementation and synergy of Indonesian national food reserves

In aggregate, Indonesia’s national food reserves (rice) in early 2021 are adequate, as indicated by the stock to use ratio (SUR) reaching 25.16% above the FAO recommendation of 17‒18%, with the end of 2020 rice stock reaching 7.9 million tons from 29.3 million tons rice consumption needs. As mandated by Food Law 18/2012, Indonesia has established a multi-layered mechanism of national food reserves, consist of a central government food reserve, regional government food reserves (provincial, district/city, and village level), and community food reserves. This paper aims to examine the various implementation of Indonesia’s national rice reserves along with synergy recommendations to strengthen government, regional governments, and community’s food reserves. The approach used is descriptive qualitative analysis, by exploring information and secondary data across institutions with national and regional coverage. The results of the study show: (1) the need for an increase in Central Government Rice Reserves (CGRR) in the range of 1.5‒2 million tons accompanied by strengthening the mechanism to absorb farmers production of unhulled rice/rice to stabilize rice prices especially at the peak harvest time; (2) strengthening the intensity of advocacy and coordination amongst key-stakeholders in provincial and district/city to optimize the implementation of government food reserves area; and (3) strengthening and developing village-based community food barns through cooperation with the Strategic Command for Rice Mill Development (Kostraling) and Village Owned Enterprise (BUM Desa and BUM Desma).

TINGKAT PENDAPATAN NELAYAN PENANGKAP IKAN KURISI SELAMA PANDEMI COVID-19 DI KAMPUNG PARA I KECAMATAN TATOARENG KABUPATEN KEPULAUAN SANGIHE

This study aims to analyze at the income level of fishermen in Para I Village during the Covid-19 pandemic, and look at the marketing flow and marketing margins of Threadfin bream in Para I village. This research can be input to the Government in improving the welfare of fishermen amid Covid-19 pandemic. This research was conducted in Para I Village, Tatoareng District, Sangihe Islands Regency in March – May 2021. The methods used in this study were qualitative and quantitative ones. Data collection was carried out through direct observation and interviews with local fishermen, while maintaining health protocols. The income of threadfin bream fisherman per week in Para I Village ranges from IDR 500,000 - IDR 3,000,000 depending on weather condition. The marketing of threadfin bream and other demersal fish belongs to an efficient one. During the pandemic, fishermen's income decreased slightly because they could not bring their catch to be sold to Tahuna city or Dagho Fishing Port. However, there are also traders who come directly to buy fish on Para Island. Income decreased to IDR 500,000 per week during the pandemic. However, this condition only lasted for 2-3 months, but then their income returned to the normal. The strategy taken by fishermen to deal with the income decline during the pandemic is to process their catch into salted fish that can be sold or stored as food reserves for their households. The government can help organize Financial Management Training and education about business opportunities in the fisheries sector.

KETAHANAN PANGAN RUMAH TANGGA PETANI KELAPA SAWIT DI KECAMATAN BANGUNREJO KABUPATEN LAMPUNG TENGAH

The aims of this research are to analyze the level of food security, the factors that influence the level of household food security, and efforts to increase the level of food security of palm oil farmer households. The location of this research is chosen purposively in Bangunrejo Sub district, Central Lampung Regency in which respondents are 75 palm oil farmers household. The data were collected in January – March 2019 using a survey method and analyzed using cross-classification between the share of food expenditure and energy adequacy level, ordinal logistic regression, and descriptive qualitative analysis. The results of the research showed that the majority of farmer households (61.33%) were classified as food secure, and the rest were classified as less food secure (28%), vulnerable to food (9.33%), and food insecure (1.33%). The affecting factors on the level of food security were formal education level of housewives, households’ income, and number of household members. The efforts to increase the level of food security by Government were through monitoring food availability and food reserves, developing food distribution and stabilization of food prices, Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH), Raskin, and Bantuan Pangan Non Tunai (BPNT). Whereas, the efforts by palm oil farmer households were food loan (93.33%) and changing dietary habit (6.67%).Key words: cross-clasification, food security, palm oil farmer households

KETAHANAN PANGAN RUMAH TANGGA PETANI KOPI DI KECAMATAN ULU BELU KABUPATEN TANGGAMUS

The aims of this research are to analyze the level of food security, the factors that affect the level of food security, and efforts to increase the level of food security of coffee farmer households. The method used in this research is a survey method. Location is chosen purposively in Ngarip and Sukamaju Villages, Ulu Belu Subdistrict, Tanggamus regency with samples of 70 coffee farmer households selected using a simple random method. The data were primary and secondary data, collected in May - July 2018 and analyzed by cross-table between the share of food expenditure and energy adequacy level, ordinal logistic regression, and descriptive qualitative analysis. The results of the research according to BPS showed that the majority of respondents belonged to the category of food secure (31.43%), and the rest belonged to the category lack of food (30.00%), food vulnerable (22.86%), food insecure (15.71%). The results according to nutrition and 2012 food law showed that the majority of respondents belonged to the category of food security (50.00%), lack of food (41.43%), food vulnerable (5.71%), and food insecure (2.86%). The affecting factors on the level of food security were the household income and education level of housewives. The efforts to increase the level of food security by Government were conducted by monitoring of food availability and food reserves, developing food distribution and stabilization of food prices, developing diversification of consumption and food security as well as staple food assistance through the raskin program, whereas efforts are carried out by households coffee farmers, namely by doing productive activities outside the coffee farm.Key words: coffee farmer households, food expenditure, food security

Revising “Nutritional Reference Values for Feeding at Evacuation Shelters” According to Nutrition Assistance by Public Health Dietitians Based on Past Major Natural Disasters in Japan: A Qualitative Study

It is important to provide nutritionally adequate food in shelters to maintain the health of evacuees. Since the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011, Japan’s Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare has released the “Nutritional Reference Values for Evacuation Shelters” (Reference Values) after every major natural disaster. There is clear evidence, however, that the Reference Values have only been used infrequently. This study aims to revise these guidelines to include the actual situation in the affected areas and the feasibility of the endeavor. This qualitative study uses group interviews with local government dietitians to propose revisions to Japan’s Reference Values. These revisions include the following: issuing Reference Values within 1 week of a disaster, showing one type of values for meal planning for each age group, showing the minimum values of vitamins, upgrading salt to basic components, creating three phases of nutrition (Day 1, Days 1–3, and After Day 4), stipulating food amounts rather than nutrient values, and creating a manual. Local government officials could use the Reference Values as guidelines for choosing food reserves, and dietitians could use them while formulating supplementary nutrition strategies for a model menu in preparation for disasters.