Automata with Semantics and Ethical Status

2001 ◽  
pp. 55-62
Author(s):  
Vladimir A. Lefebvre
Keyword(s):  
2021 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. e513
Author(s):  
Tomasz Piotrowski ◽  
Joanna Kazmierska ◽  
Mirosława Mocydlarz-Adamcewicz ◽  
Adam Ryczkowski

Background. This paper evaluates the status of reporting information related to the usage and ethical issues of artificial intelligence (AI) procedures in clinical trial (CT) papers focussed on radiology issues as well as other (non-trial) original radiology articles (OA). Material and Methods. The evaluation was performed by three independent observers who were, respectively physicist, physician and computer scientist. The analysis was performed for two groups of publications, i.e., for CT and OA. Each group included 30 papers published from 2018 to 2020, published before guidelines proposed by Liu et al. (Nat Med. 2020; 26:1364-1374). The set of items used to catalogue and to verify the ethical status of the AI reporting was developed using the above-mentioned guidelines. Results. Most of the reviewed studies, clearly stated their use of AI methods and more importantly, almost all tried to address relevant clinical questions. Although in most of the studies, patient inclusion and exclusion criteria were presented, the widespread lack of rigorous descriptions of the study design apart from a detailed explanation of the AI approach itself is noticeable. Few of the chosen studies provided information about anonymization of data and the process of secure data sharing. Only a few studies explore the patterns of incorrect predictions by the proposed AI tools and their possible reasons. Conclusion. Results of review support idea of implementation of uniform guidelines for designing and reporting studies with use of AI tools. Such guidelines help to design robust, transparent and reproducible tools for use in real life.


2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Parviz Nami ◽  
Hassan Pasha Sharifi ◽  
Malek Mirhashemi ◽  
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Author(s):  
Raymond Anthony ◽  
Bogdan Hoanca ◽  
Kenrick Mock

The increased use of biometric traits to digitally authenticate people has the potential to conveniently and accurately grant or deny individual access to information and services. Unlike passwords or smart cards that are also used to authenticate a user, biometrics are not replaceable if lost or stolen—yet there are no universal rights protecting people against unauthorized use of their biometrics. Moreover, there are no clear accommodation rights for users who might not be able to provide some biometrics, for example due to cultural reasons or because of a disability. If users cannot be guaranteed the recovery of stolen biometrics, do people have a right to only provide those biometrics that cannot be stolen? While biometric technology by itself does not raise intrinsic ethical issues, the authors identify a number of extrinsic ethical arguments about the ethical status of applications of this technology and its consequences, namely, those that are linked to distributive justice issues and risk. They explore some of these concerns and discuss strategies to mitigate them within the context of balancing the rights of individuals and the need to ensure collective security.


Author(s):  
L. W. Sumner

What is the argument from well-being? We now begin our inquiry into the ethical status of physician-assisted death, stating the case in favor in this chapter and the case against in the next. The former task is relatively straightforward since the principal arguments for the...


2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 120
Author(s):  
Daniel Gibbs

Questions of inequality of wealth frequently arise during times of economic hardship. The stagnant recovery from the 2008 global financial crisis is no exception. Many are quick to condemn inequality as an unjust social phenomenon. This article considers the ethical status of such claims by examining whether inequality is fair or not. Using a neo-Kantian framework first put forward by Hans-Hermann Hoppe, the paper elucidates the presuppositions implied by human action and uses these as a basis for political rights. Once inviolable rights to ownership of one’s person and property are established, it follows that income inequality in the absence of coercion is fair. However, since such a condition does not describe modern society, little can be immediately said about the justice of current levels of inequality.


2004 ◽  
Vol 25 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 41-53
Author(s):  
Dudley Knowles

Hegel's account of freedom is complex and difficult. It integrates a doctrine of free agency, a theory of social freedom, and a self-determining theodicy of Spirit. To achieve full understanding, if full understanding is possible, the student must both disentangle and articulate the components, and then fit together the separate pieces into an intelligible whole. And what is true of the whole is true of the parts; each element is in turn complex and controversial.In this paper, I want to investigate one very small aspect of this picture — the political phenomenology of the citizen of Hegel's rational state. Whether we are delineating the contours of free agency or re-telling Hegel's story about the modes of freedom constitutive of the institutions of the modern state, sooner or later we shall have to interpret Hegel's description of the self-consciousness of the typical citizen. We shall have to give some account of what citizens take to be their political standing, and show how both this standing and the citizens' understanding of it contribute to freedom.This should not be a controversial claim. To paraphrase portions of the famous statement at PR §260: The state is the actuality of concrete freedom. Members of families integrated into civil society knowingly and willingly acknowledge their citizenship and actively pursue the ends of the state. They do not live as private persons merely; in understanding, endorsing and acting out their ethical status as citizens they achieve such subjective fulfilment as isnecessaryfor them to be truly free.


2004 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 466-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Muers

The issue of the ethical status of future generations is significant in debates about research in human genetics, but key (non-theological) statements on the subject, such as the UNESCO Declaration on Human Rights and the Human Genome, reflect a failure to think of future persons as located within communities of ethical reflection and interpretation. I draw on recent work in the philosophy of conservation biology to explore this failure, and argue that a major contribution of theology to ethical reflection on genetic research would be through discussion of ways of reading, transmitting and interpreting texts.


10.1068/d292 ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 555-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus A Doel

The rapprochement of humanism and structuralism on the one hand, and quantitative and qualitative approaches on the other hand, has not addressed an implacable difficulty which continues to haunt both spatial science and ‘critical’ human geographies. That difficulty concerns the ontological and ethical status of numbers, and their relationship to concepts, events, and sensations. The paper engages with this difficulty through a combination of theoretical and literary writings, most notably Woody Allen's film Deconstructing Harry, Samuel Beckett's play Not I, and Derrida's work of Dissemination. Insofar as ‘one’ lacks consistency—by disavowing difference, alterity, and innumerable numbers—its deployment is invariably unbecoming, repressive, and ill-mannered. The ethical response is to divine ‘another way of working with numbers’, as Derrida once intimated; to prevent some ones from taking hold. The outcome is a form of poststructuralist geography that takes flight from all kinds of pointillism. After an opening scene that lays out the general setup of quantification and its qualification, the first section of the paper employs the notion of a soft ontology in order to prepare the way for ‘another way of working with numbers’ that is occasioned by a sensitivity towards the ontological buzzing and solicitation that accompanies processes of subjectification, objectification, identification, and enumeration. The paper concludes with an affirmation of a ‘disturbing geography’ that leaves everything in perpetual suspense.


Studia Humana ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 34-43
Author(s):  
Magdalena Holy-Luczaj

Abstract This paper addresses the problem of extending ethical obligations toward usable things. The first part reconstructs current debates on the metaphysical and ethical status of artifacts. Next, drawing upon Tadeusz Kotarbinski’s reism, I describe artifacts as concretes, focusing on the possibility of their damage and destruction. The core part of the article analyzes ethical implications of the following issues: 1) using artifacts, 2) their production, 3) purchase and sale of artifacts, and 4) the post-use period.


2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-63
Author(s):  
Alexandra Olteanu

AbstractThis paper aims to reveal Lucian Blaga’s ethical status and literary existence in a tormented period generated by the dawn of the new communist social transformations. The fictional perspective, as reflected in the autobiographical novel Luntrea lui Caron, is enriched by the confessions of the contemporaries. The struggle between principles, values and political censorship imposed by the historical context is portrayed thoroughly by the above mentioned sources. The poet is not the defeated intellectual that would be the perfect victim of totalitarianism. He remains a symbol of a consciousness that can not be perverted. Blaga will not betray his philosophical system nor his moral beliefs.


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