Prospecting Prejudice: An Examination of the Long-Term Effects of Perceived Racial Discrimination on the Health Behavior and Health Status of African Americans

This chapter focuses on the consequences of the Civil War, especially for the nation-state, for African Americans, and for the West. It examines, with commentary and suggestions, new ideas about how to conceptualize the era. An uneven process of national consolidation yielded a national government that was strong in some areas and weak or absent in others. The long-term effects of the war on communities, veterans, immigrants, and attitudes North and South are key areas for research.

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Transport of Young Veal Calves: Effects of Pre-transport Diet, Transport Duration and Type of Vehicle on Health, Behavior, Use of Medicines, and Slaughter Characteristics

Frontiers in Veterinary Science ◽

10.3389/fvets.2020.576469 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

Author(s):

Francesca Marcato ◽

Henry van den Brand ◽

Bas Kemp ◽

Bas Engel ◽

Maaike Wolthuis-Fillerup ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Health Behavior ◽

Dairy Farm ◽

Collective Effects ◽

Multiple Use ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Related Factors ◽

Medical Treatments ◽

Veal Calves ◽

And Behavior

The aim of this study was to investigate effects of different early life transport-related factors on health, behavior, use of medicines and slaughter characteristics of veal calves. An experiment was conducted with a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with 3 factors: (1) provision of rearing milk or electrolytes before transport, (2) transport duration (6 or 18 h), and (3) type of vehicle (open truck or conditioned truck). The study included male Holstein-Friesian and cross-bred calves (N = 368; 18 ± 4 days; 45.3 ± 3.3 kg). Data on health status of calves were collected at the collection center and at the veal farm until week 27 post-transport. Behavior of calves was recorded during transport and at the veal farm until week 13 post-transport. Use of herd and individual medical treatments was recorded at the veal farm. The prevalence of loose or liquid manure at the veal farm from day 1 until week 3 post-transport was lower in electrolyte-fed calves transported in the conditioned truck compared to electrolytes-fed calves transported in the open truck or milk-fed calves transported in both the conditioned and open truck (Δ = 11% on average; P = 0.02). In comparison with the open truck, calves transported in the conditioned truck had lower prevalence of navel inflammation in the first 3 weeks post-transport (Δ = 3 %; P = 0.05). More milk-fed calves received individual antibiotic treatments compared to electrolyte-fed calves at the veal farm (P = 0.05). In conclusion, the transport-related factors examined in the present study affected health and behavior of calves in the short-term, but there was no evidence for long-term effects. It remains unknown why no long-term effects were found in this study. Perhaps this absence of transport-related effects was due to multiple use of medical treatments in the first weeks at the veal farm. Alternatively, it might be that the collective effects of the transition from the dairy farm to the veal farm, and of the husbandry conditions during the subsequent rearing period, on the adaptive capacity of calves were so large that effects of individual transport-related factors were overruled.

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Self-reported health, perceived racial discrimination, and skin color in African Americans in the CARDIA study

Social Science & Medicine ◽

10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.04.008 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 63 (6) ◽

pp. 1415-1427 ◽

Cited By ~ 188

Author(s):

Luisa N. Borrell ◽

Catarina I. Kiefe ◽

David R. Williams ◽

Ana V. Diez-Roux ◽

Penny Gordon-Larsen

Keyword(s):

African Americans ◽

Racial Discrimination ◽

Skin Color ◽

Reported Health ◽

Perceived Racial Discrimination

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Long-Term Effects of Wealth on Mortality and Self-rated Health Status

American Journal of Epidemiology ◽

10.1093/aje/kwq348 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 173 (2) ◽

pp. 192-200 ◽

Cited By ~ 47

Author(s):

Anjum Hajat ◽

Jay S. Kaufman ◽

Kathryn M. Rose ◽

Arjumand Siddiqi ◽

James C. Thomas

Keyword(s):

Health Status ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Self Rated Health

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Long-term Effects of Perceived Stress, Anxiety, and Anger on Hospitalizations or Death and Health Status in Heart Failure Patients

10.1101/2021.09.14.21263592 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Andrew J. Dimond ◽

David S. Krantz ◽

Andrew J. Waters ◽

Keen Seong Liew ◽

Stephen S. Gottlieb

Keyword(s):

Heart Failure ◽

Health Status ◽

Perceived Stress ◽

Kansas City ◽

Acute Stress ◽

Estimating Equation ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Standard Deviation Increase ◽

Reduced Ejection Fraction

Background. Chronic and acute stress and emotion predict incidence/recurrence of CHD, but long-term effects on HF exacerbations are poorly understood. This study determined long-term chronic and episodic effects of stress, anxiety, and anger on hospitalizations or death, and worsened health status in HF. Methods and Results. 147 patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) completed measures of perceived stress (Perceived Stress Scale; PSS), state anxiety (STAI), recent anger (RA), and HF-related health status (Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire; KCCQ) every 6 months for up to 39 months. Relationships of chronic (Mean) stress and emotion and episodic changes (Deviation) to subsequent hospitalizations or death and health status were determined utilizing Generalized Estimating Equation models. All-cause hospitalizations were predicted by chronic (Mean) PSS (OR=1.06, 95% CI 1.02-1.11, p=0.004), Mean STAI (OR=1.06, 95% CI=1.03, 1.10, p<0.001), and episodic (Deviation) PSS (OR=1.03, 95% CI 1.01-1.06, p=0.022). Mean PSS and Mean STAI also predicted cardiovascular hospitalizations. Each 1 standard deviation increase in Mean PSS and Mean STAI was associated, respectively, with a 61% and 79% increase in hospitalization or death. Anger was not associated with hospitalizations. Poorer KCCQ health status was related to higher Mean and Deviation PSS, STAI, and RA. Relationships to hospitalizations and health status were significant for Anxiety and Perceived Stress, independently of the other psychological measures. Conclusions. In HF patients, chronic perceived stress and anxiety and episodic stress increases are predictive of hospitalizations or death and worsened health status over a >3-year period. Mechanisms may involve sympathetic activation, and/or exacerbations of perceived symptoms or health behaviors.

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