Risk Factors and the Difference Among Hypertension, Diabetes and Heart Disease

2021 ◽

pp. 4973-4976

Author(s):

Roshan Kumar Jha ◽

Ranjit S. Ambad ◽

Priya Koundal ◽

Akansha Singh

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Coronary Heart Disease ◽

Heart Disease ◽

Total Cholesterol ◽

Sample Processing ◽

Exclusion Criteria ◽

Future Studies ◽

Area Of Interest ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Difference

It has been proved that tobacco is one of the cholesterol dependent risk factors pathogenically, and in addition with other risk factors it may lead to coronary heart disease. Thus, a strong interaction exists between hypercholesterolemia and tobacco ingesting in the genesis of coronary heart disease. The aim of this study was to study the effect of tobacco smoking and chewing and compare its effect on lipoproteins. 60 subjects were included in the study, and were grouped into 3 three groups, tobacco smokers, tobacco chewers and tobacco non-abusers. Each group comprises 20 participants: selected on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Proper sampling and sample processing methods were employed to evaluate lipid profile. Total cholesterol and triglycerides levels were increased in smokers in comparison to non-smokers/non-chewers, and the differences were significant p<0.0001. HDL level was decreased in smokers as compared to non-smokers/non-chewers and the difference was statistically significant p<0.0001. Total cholesterol and LDL levels were increased in smokers in comparison to chewers. HDL level was decreased in chewers as compared to chewers. There was no significant association in any of the parameters. Present study observed increased and significant p<0.0001 differences in levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides while, HDL levels were decreased significantly p<0.0001, and also observed there was no significant difference among tobacco smokers and chewers. This may be a new area of interest for future studies.

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Non-invasive assessment of endothelial activity in patients with coronary heart disease and cardiovascular risk factors

VASA ◽

10.1024/0301-1526.37.2.137 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 37 (2) ◽

pp. 137-142 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Fronek ◽

Allison

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Coronary Heart Disease ◽

Heart Disease ◽

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Hypertension Status ◽

The Difference ◽

Highly Correlated ◽

And Gender

Background: The aim of this study was first to compare the widely used flow mediated dilation ( FMD ) method with the iontophoretically induced acetylcholine vasodilation (IAV ) procedure. The ultimate goal was to examine the endothelial activity ( EA ) in patients with various cardiovascular risk factors compared with control subjects. Patients and methods: In the upper extremities of 27 subjects, comparisons of EA by FMD and IAV measured with laser Doppler flux method (LDF) were conducted. IAV-EA was then measured using LDF in an additional 93 subjects with various cardiovascular ( CVD ) risk factors and/or a diagnosis of coronary heart disease (CHD). Results: The mean age of the subjects was 56.2 years and 54% were male. There was a robust and significant correlation between FMD vs IAV endothelial activity (r = 0.87, p = 0.025). After adjustment for age, there were significant differences in LDF-measured, acetylcholine-induced EA by diagnosis of CHD (p = 0.02), hyperlipidemia (p = 0.03) and diabetes (p < 0.01), as well as by sex (p < 0.01). The difference by hypertension status was of borderline significance (p = 0.07). LDF EA was higher in non-smokers compared to smokers but this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.3). After adjustment for age and gender, a 10-unit increase in LDF-measured EA was associated with a 12% lower odds for a diagnosis of CHD (p = 0.07). Conclusions: Measurement of IAV-EA by LDF is a simple, noninvasive methodology which is highly correlated with post-occlusive FMD EA and is also significantly associated with a diagnosis of CHD.

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Role of known risk factors in explaining the difference in the risk of coronary heart disease between eastern and southwestern Finland

Annals of Medicine ◽

10.3109/07853899809002490 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 30 (5) ◽

pp. 481-487 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Pekka Jousilahti ◽

Erkki Vartiainen ◽

Jaakko Tuomilehto ◽

Juha Pekkanen ◽

Pekka Puska

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Coronary Heart Disease ◽

Heart Disease ◽

The Difference

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D-dimer and the Risk of Stroke and Coronary Heart Disease

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1160/th16-07-0519 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 117 (03) ◽

pp. 618-624 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Leslie A. McClure ◽

Suzanne E. Judd ◽

Brett Kissela ◽

George Howard ◽

Monika M. Safford ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Coronary Heart Disease ◽

Heart Disease ◽

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Vascular Disease ◽

Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽

Hazard Ratio ◽

The Difference ◽

D Dimer

SummaryD-dimer, a biomarker of coagulation, is higher in blacks than in whites and has been associated with stroke and coronary heart disease (CHD). It was our objective to assess the association of higher D-dimer with stroke and CHD in blacks and whites. REGARDS recruited 30,239 black and white participants across the contiguous US and measured baseline D-dimer in stroke (n=646) and CHD (n=654) cases and a cohort random sample (n=1,104). Cox models adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors determined the hazard ratio (HR) for increasing D-dimer for cardiovascular disease with bootstrapping to assess the difference in HR for CHD versus stroke by race. D-dimer was higher with increasing age, female sex, diabetes, hypertension, pre-baseline cardiovascular disease and higher C-reactive protein (CRP). Accounting for cardiovascular risk factors, each doubling of D-dimer was associated with increased stroke (hazard ratio [HR] 1.15; 95 % confidence interval [CI] 1.01, 1.31) and CHD (HR 1.27; 95 % CI 1.11, 1.45) risk. The difference in the HR between CHD and stroke was 0.20 (95 % CI >0.00, 0.58) for blacks and 0.02 (95 % CI –0.30, 0.27) for whites. CRP mediated 22 % (95 % CI 5 %, 41 %) of the association between D-dimer and CHD and none of the association with stroke. Higher D-dimer increased the risk of stroke and CHD independent of cardiovascular risk factors and CRP, with perhaps a stronger association for CHD versus stroke in blacks than whites. These findings highlight potential different pathophysiology of vascular disease by disease site and race suggesting potential further studies targeting haemostasis in primary prevention of vascular disease.

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