Analysis of the Extreme Rainfall Events Over Upper Catchment of Sabarmati River Basin in Western India Using Extreme Precipitation Indices

In this paper, we present a combined geospatial and two dimensional (2D) flood modeling approach to assess the impacts of flooding due to extreme rainfall events. We developed and implemented this approach to the Tago River Basin in the province of Surigao del Sur in Mindanao, Philippines, an area which suffered great damage due to flooding caused by Tropical Storms Lingling and Jangmi in the year 2014. The geospatial component of the approach involves extraction of several layers of information such as detailed topography/terrain, man-made features (buildings, roads, bridges) from 1-m spatial resolution LiDAR Digital Surface and Terrain Models (DTM/DSMs), and recent land-cover from Landsat 7 ETM+ and Landsat 8 OLI images. We then used these layers as inputs in developing a Hydrologic Engineering Center Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC HMS)-based hydrologic model, and a hydraulic model based on the 2D module of the latest version of HEC River Analysis System (RAS) to dynamically simulate and map the depth and extent of flooding due to extreme rainfall events. The extreme rainfall events used in the simulation represent 6 hypothetical rainfall events with return periods of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 years. For each event, maximum flood depth maps were generated from the simulations, and these maps were further transformed into hazard maps by categorizing the flood depth into low, medium and high hazard levels. Using both the flood hazard maps and the layers of information extracted from remotely-sensed datasets in spatial overlay analysis, we were then able to estimate and assess the impacts of these flooding events to buildings, roads, bridges and landcover. Results of the assessments revealed increase in number of buildings, roads and bridges; and increase in areas of land-cover exposed to various flood hazards as rainfall events become more extreme. The wealth of information generated from the flood impact assessment using the approach can be very useful to the local government units and the concerned communities within Tago River Basin as an aid in determining in an advance manner all those infrastructures (buildings, roads and bridges) and land-cover that can be affected by different extreme rainfall event flood scenarios.

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Bias correction of gauge-based gridded product to improve extreme precipitation analysis in the Yarlung Tsangpo-Brahmaputra River Basin

10.5194/nhess-2019-327 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Xian Luo ◽

Xuemei Fan ◽

Yungang Li ◽

Xuan Ji

Keyword(s):

River Basin ◽

Bias Correction ◽

Extreme Precipitation ◽

Precipitation Data ◽

Brahmaputra River ◽

Spatial Coverage ◽

Extreme Precipitation Indices ◽

Precipitation Analysis ◽

Precipitation Indices ◽

Yarlung Tsangpo

Abstract. Critical gaps in the amount, quality, consistency, availability, and spatial distribution of rainfall data limit extreme precipitation analysis, and the application of gridded precipitation data are challenging because of their considerable biases. This study corrected Asian Precipitation Highly Resolved Observational Data Integration Towards Evaluation of Water Resources (APHRODITE) in the Yarlung Tsangpo-Brahmaputra River Basin (YBRB) using two linear and two nonlinear methods, and assessed their influence on extreme precipitation indices. The results showed that the original APHRODITE data tended to underestimate precipitation during the summer monsoon season, especially in the topographically complex Himalayan belt. Bias correction using complementary rainfall observations to add spatial coverage in data-sparse regions greatly improved the performance of extreme precipitation analysis. Although all methods could correct mean precipitation, their ability to correct the wet-day frequency and coefficient of variation were substantially different, leading to considerable differences in extreme precipitation indices. Generally, higher-skill bias-corrected APHRODITE data are expected to perform better than those corrected by lower-skill approaches. This study would provide reference for using gridded precipitation data in extreme precipitation analysis and selecting bias-corrected method for rainfall products in data-sparse regions.

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Extreme rainfall events in Amazonia: The Madeira river basin

Remote Sensing Applications Society and Environment ◽

10.1016/j.rsase.2020.100316 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 ◽

pp. 100316

Author(s):

Vinicius Alexandre Sikora de Souza ◽

Daniel Medeiros Moreira ◽

Otto Corrêa Rotunno Filho ◽

Anderson Paulo Rudke

Keyword(s):

River Basin ◽

Extreme Rainfall ◽

Extreme Rainfall Events ◽

Rainfall Events ◽

Madeira River ◽

Madeira River Basin

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A comprehensive disaster impact assessment of extreme rainfall events under climate change: a case study in Zheng-wen river basin, Taiwan

Environmental Earth Sciences ◽

10.1007/s12665-016-5370-6 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 75 (7) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Tingyeh Wu ◽

Hsin-Chi Li ◽

Shaio-Pin Wei ◽

Wei-Bo Chen ◽

Yung-Ming Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Impact Assessment ◽

River Basin ◽

Extreme Rainfall ◽

Extreme Rainfall Events ◽

Rainfall Events ◽

Disaster Impact

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Characteristics, Origins, and Impacts of Summertime Extreme Precipitation in the Lake Mead Watershed

Journal of Climate ◽

10.1175/jcli-d-19-0387.1 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 33 (7) ◽

pp. 2663-2680 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Michael D. Sierks ◽

Julie Kalansky ◽

Forest Cannon ◽

F. M. Ralph

Keyword(s):

North American ◽

Extreme Precipitation ◽

Extreme Rainfall ◽

North American Monsoon ◽

Lake Mead ◽

Extreme Rainfall Events ◽

Rainfall Events ◽

The North ◽

The U.S ◽

Tier I

AbstractThe North American monsoon (NAM) is the main driver of summertime climate variability in the U.S. Southwest. Previous studies of the NAM have primarily focused on the Tier I region of the North American Monsoon Experiment (NAME), spanning central-western Mexico, southern Arizona, and New Mexico. This study, however, presents a climatological characterization of summertime precipitation, defined as July–September (JAS), in the Lake Mead watershed, located in the NAME Tier II region. Spatiotemporal variability of JAS rainfall is examined from 1981 to 2016 using gridded precipitation data and the meteorological mechanisms that account for this variability are investigated using reanalyses. The importance of the number of wet days (24-h rainfall ≥1 mm) and extreme rainfall events (95th percentile of wet days) to the total JAS precipitation is examined and shows extreme events playing a larger role in the west and central basin. An investigation into the dynamical drivers of extreme rainfall events indicates that anticyclonic Rossby wave breaking (RWB) in the midlatitude westerlies over the U.S. West Coast is associated with 89% of precipitation events >10 mm (98th percentile of wet days) over the Lake Mead basin. This is in contrast to the NAME Tier I region where easterly upper-level disturbances such as inverted troughs are the dominant driver of extreme precipitation. Due to the synoptic nature of RWB events, corresponding impacts and hazards extend beyond the Lake Mead watershed are relevant for the greater U.S. Southwest.

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UAV-based evaluation of morphological changes induced by extreme rainfall events in meandering rivers

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0241293 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (11) ◽

pp. e0241293

Author(s):

Semih Sami Akay ◽

Orkan Özcan ◽

Füsun Balık Şanlı ◽

Tolga Görüm ◽

Ömer Lütfi Şen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Level ◽

Extreme Precipitation ◽

Morphological Changes ◽

Extreme Rainfall ◽

Precipitation Event ◽

River Channels ◽

Meandering Rivers ◽

Erosion And Deposition ◽

Extreme Rainfall Events ◽

Rainfall Events

Morphological changes, caused by the erosion and deposition processes due to water discharge and sediment flux occur, in the banks along the river channels and in the estuaries. Flow rate is one of the most important factors that can change river morphology. The geometric shapes of the meanders and the river flow parameters are crucial components in the areas where erosion or deposition occurs in the meandering rivers. Extreme precipitation triggers erosion on the slopes, which causes significant morphological changes in large areas during and after the event. The flow and sediment amount observed in a river basin with extreme precipitation increases and exceeds the long-term average value. Hereby, erosion severity can be determined by performing spatial analyses on remotely sensed imagery acquired before and after an extreme precipitation event. Changes of erosion and deposition along the river channels and overspill channels can be examined by comparing multi-temporal Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) based Digital Surface Model (DSM) data. In this study, morphological changes in the Büyük Menderes River located in the western Turkey, were monitored with pre-flood (June 2018), during flood (January 2019), and post-flood (September 2019) UAV surveys, and the spatial and volumetric changes of eroded/deposited sediment were quantified. For this purpose, the DSAS (Digital Shoreline Analysis System) method and the DEM of Difference (DoD) method were used to determine the changes on the riverbank and to compare the periodic volumetric morphological changes. Hereby, Structure from Motion (SfM) photogrammetry technique was exploited to a low-cost UAV derived imagery to achieve riverbank, areal and volumetric changes following the extreme rainfall events extracted from the time series of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite data. The change analyses were performed to figure out the periodic morphodynamic variations and the impact of the flood on the selected meandering structures. In conclusion, although the river water level increased by 0.4–5.9 meters with the flood occurred in January 2019, the sediment deposition areas reformed after the flood event, as the water level decreased. Two-year monitoring revealed that the sinuosity index (SI) values changed during the flood approached the pre-flood values over time. Moreover, it was observed that the amount of the deposited sediments in September 2019 approached that of June 2018.

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Spatiotemporal variation characteristics of extreme precipitation in the upper reaches of the Hongshui River Basin during 1959–2016

Journal of Water and Climate Change ◽

10.2166/wcc.2021.339 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ya Huang ◽

Ling Yi ◽

Weihua Xiao ◽

Guibing Hou ◽

Yuyan Zhou

Keyword(s):

River Basin ◽

Extreme Precipitation ◽

Water Resource Management ◽

Flood Control ◽

Southern Oscillation ◽

Disaster Mitigation ◽

Eastern Region ◽

Extreme Precipitation Indices ◽

Precipitation Indices ◽

Precipitation Events

Abstract Understanding changes in the intensity and frequency of extreme precipitation is vital for flood control, disaster mitigation, and water resource management. In this study, 12 extreme precipitation indices and the best-fitting extreme value distribution were used to analyze the spatiotemporal characteristics of extreme precipitation in the upper reaches of the Hongshui River Basin (UHRB). The possible links between extreme precipitation and large-scale circulation were also investigated. Most extreme precipitation indices increased from west to east in the UHRB, indicating that the eastern region is a humid area with abundant precipitation. The indices for consecutive wet days (CWD) and precipitation events (R0.1) decreased significantly, indicating that the UHRB tends to be dry, with few precipitation events. The probability distribution functions of most extreme precipitation indices, especially that of R0.1, shifted significantly to the left in 1988–2016 compared with 1959–1987, further indicating that the UHRB has experienced a significant drying trend in recent decades. The East Asian summer monsoon and the El Niño–Southern Oscillation/Pacific Decadal Oscillation were confirmed to influence extreme precipitation in the UHRB. These findings are helpful for understanding extreme precipitation variation trends in the UHRB and provide references for further research.

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Impact of extreme precipitation and water table change on N<sub>2</sub>O fluxes in a bio-energy poplar plantation

Biogeosciences Discussions ◽

10.5194/bgd-8-2057-2011 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 2057-2092 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

D. Zona ◽

I. A. Janssens ◽

M. S. Verlinden ◽

L. S. Broeckx ◽

J. Cools ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Wind Speed ◽

Extreme Precipitation ◽

Pore Space ◽

Large Fraction ◽

Extreme Rainfall ◽

N2o Emission ◽

N2o Emissions ◽

N2o Production ◽

Extreme Rainfall Events ◽

Rainfall Events

Abstract. A large fraction of the West European landscape is used for intensive agriculture. Several of these countries have very high nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, because of substantial use of fertilizers and high rates of atmospheric nitrogen deposition. N2O production in soils is controlled by water-filled pore space (WFPS) and substrate availability (NO3). Here we show that extreme precipitation (80 mm rainfall in 48 h) after a long dry period, led to a week-long peak in N2O emissions (up to about 2200 μg N2O-N m−2 h−1). In the first four of these peak emission days, N2O fluxes showed a pronounced diurnal pattern correlated to daytime increase in temperature and wind speed. It is possible that N2O was transported through the transpiration stream of the poplar trees and emitted through the stomates. However, during the following three high emission days, N2O emission was fairly stable with no pronounced diurnal trend, and was correlated with wind speed and WFPS (at 20 and 40 cm depth) but no longer with soil temperature. We hypothesized that wind speed facilitated N2O emission from the soil to the atmosphere through a significant pressure-pumping. Successive rainfall events and similar WFPS after this first intense precipitation did not lead to N2O emissions of the same magnitude. These findings suggest that climate change-induced modification in precipitation patterns may lead to high N2O emission pulses from soil, such that sparser and more extreme rainfall events after longer dry periods could lead to peak N2O emissions. The cumulative effects of more variable climate on annual N2O emission are still largely uncertain and need further investigation.

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