Modeling SWCC for Coarse-Grained and Fine-Grained Soil

2020 ◽  
pp. 59-88
Author(s):  
Wan-Huan Zhou ◽  
Zhen-Yu Yin ◽  
Ka-Veng Yuen
Keyword(s):  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Fine Grained Soil

Plasticity in extended phenotypes: how the antlion Myrmeleon crudelis adjusts the pit traps depending on biotic and abiotic conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 66 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 41-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro G. Farji-Brener ◽  
Sabrina Amador-Vargas
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Plant Cover ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Abiotic Conditions ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Fine Soil ◽  
Fine Grained Soil ◽  
Trap Size ◽  
Pit Depth ◽  
Pit Design

Abstract The physical structures built by animals are considered extended phenotypes that reflect how organisms make decisions and deal with changes in their biotic and abiotic environment. We summarize the results of several studies on Myrmeleon crudelis, a neuropteran larva that digs pit-traps in the soil to capture small arthropods (mostly ants) in the tropical dry forests of Costa Rica. Specifically, we showed how this species responds to varying biotic and abiotic conditions with changes in the design and/or location of its pit traps. Several experiments and field comparisons indicate that: 1) antlions adjust the pit design according to the abundance and type of prey. When prey is scarce, antlions increased trap diameter, an architectural adjustment that enhances the probability of prey encounter. Antlions that experienced high prey abundance, but the prey easily escaped, then increased pit depth, an adjustment that increases the chance of prey retention; 2) soil compaction strongly reduced pit-trap size and abundance; 3) antlions preferred soils with high proportion of fine-particle size to build pits. In fine-grained soil, pit-traps are larger and more efficient to capture prey than traps in coarse-grained soils; and 4) pit-traps may also be affected through indirect effects of soil structure and vegetation cover. Areas with fine-soil presented less plant cover, and plant cover could be beneficial for antlions because it acts as a shelter against direct sunlight and rainfall, or it may represent a cost because it is a source of leaflitter falling in the pits. The works summarized here how trap-building predators can exhibit considerable flexibility in trap construction in response to various biotic and abiotic factors, emphasizing how the study of extended phenotypes can be a useful approach to better understand the flexibility of foraging behaviors.

Characterizing Riverbed Heterogeneity across Shifts in River Discharge through Temporal Changes in Electrical Resistivity

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 581-587
Author(s):  
Weston J. Koehn ◽  
Stacey E. Tucker-Kulesza ◽  
David R. Steward
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistivity ◽  
Temporal Changes ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Arkansas River ◽  
Alluvial Deposits ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Surrounding Matrix ◽  
Aquifer Depletion ◽  
Fine Grained Soil ◽  
The Individual

The fluxes between groundwater and surface water play a significant role in quantifying water balance along stream reaches to continent scales. Changes in these dynamics are occurring due to aquifer depletion, where pre-development baseflow conditions have transitioned to losing conditions. This problem is studied along the Arkansas River in Western Kansas across a stream reach that transitions from near steady state to losing conditions, and contributes focused recharge to a depleting Ogallala Aquifer. Existing hydrologic data illustrates the lack of understanding they provide related to the control of fluxes exerted by alluvial deposits. Electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) surveys were conducted along this river transect to elucidate the dynamic hydrologic connection existing between the Arkansas River and underlying Arkansas Alluvial and Ogallala Aquifers. Temporal changes in ERI profiles are associated with the transient hydrologic conditions below the water-sediment interface, and complement the hydrogeologic interpretations of the individual ERI profiles. Additionally, fine grained soil inclusions may become revealed by temporal changes in resistivity due to differences in their water holding capacity relative to that of a surrounding matrix of coarser grained soil across changes in recharge. These findings corroborate the role of river-aquifer connectivity and riverbed heterogeneity on localized recharge through embedded assemblages of fine and coarse grained soils.

Laboratory Testing of Full-Scale Pipes Partially Embedded in Soil to Study Soil-Pipe Interaction of Offshore Seabed Oil and Gas Pipelines: Initial Observations

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruslan S. Amarasinghe ◽  
Dharma Wijewickreme ◽  
Hisham T. Eid
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Gas Pipelines ◽  
Steel Pipes ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Oil And Gas Pipelines ◽  
Fine Grained Soil ◽  
Geotechnical Aspect ◽  
Soil Pipe

The geotechnical aspect of the design of off-shore oil and gas pipelines is a challenge due to inherent uncertainties in predicting soil-pipe interaction behaviour. Physical modeling is often sought after to gain insight into such problems. This is especially true for pipelines laid in deep waters that are partially embedded in the seabed. This paper presents initial observations arising from full-scale laboratory simulations of typical soil-pipe interaction scenarios of partially buried steel pipes. Bare and epoxy-coated NPS18 steel pipes, each measuring 2.5 m in length, were separately tested in a soil chamber by simulating: (i) lateral pipe displacement; and (ii) longitudinal pipe displacement, under partial embedment in two idealized soil bed models, i.e., in a coarse-grained soil bed model with full drainage, and a fully-saturated fine-grained soil bed model with partial drainage.

scholarly journals Removal of heavy metals (Cu, Cd and Zn) from contaminated soils using EDTA and FeCl3

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-107 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Soil Washing ◽  
Nitrilotriacetic Acid ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Metal Extraction ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Solid Ratio ◽  
Fine Grained Soil

<p>Environmental pollution caused by heavy metals from different industrial activities constitutes a serious risk for the environment. Soils contaminated with metals, such as Cu, Cd and Zn, are often subjected to physical or chemical remediation procedures to purify soils from these metals. Typical chelating agents used for metal extraction and soil washing generally include ethylene-diaminetetraacetic acid nitrilotriacetic acid, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid and citric acid. The subject study evaluating the potential of soil washing methods using EDTA and ferric chloride on two types of soils (coarse grained, fine grained). The effects of operating parameters, such as liquid/solid ratio, soil washing chemicals and washing time were examined. In extraction procedure of Cd (266 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>), Cu (194 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>) and Zn (497 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>) from contaminated coarse grained soil with using 0.01 M FeCl<sub>3</sub> washing solution (liquid/solid ratio 20) for 2 hours, contaminants were removed 96.66%, 90.02% and 98.25%, respectively. In extraction procedure of Cd (218 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>), Cu (153 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>) and Zn (441.6 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>) from contaminated fine grained soil with using 0.01 M FeCl<sub>3</sub> washing solution (liquid/solid ratio 20) for 2 hours, contaminants were removed 98.18%, 97.48% and 98.05%, respectively. Better removal efficiencies have been obtained by using FeCl<sub>3</sub>. These results confirmed the effectiveness of the soil-washing method with FeCl<sub>3</sub> in remediating heavy metals (Cu, Cd and Zn) from different types of soil.</p>

An Experimental Comparison of Compressive Strengths of Soils Stabilized with Enzyme and Ground Quicklime

2011 ◽  
Vol 280 ◽  
pp. 9-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Tao Peng ◽  
Hai Tao Su ◽  
Xin Ping Zhang ◽  
Jun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Experimental Comparison ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Glass Containers ◽  
Fine Grained Soil ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Stabilized Soil ◽  
Silty Loam ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Coarse Grained Soil

A series of tests were conducted to evaluate the difference of strengths of soils stabilized with enzyme and ground quicklime respectively. Perma-Zyme as an enzymatic soil stabilizer was used in this research. The analysis of the experimental data indicated that the type of soil and curing condition affected those treated with Perma-Zyme or ground quicklime significantly. Perma-Zyme can clearly improve the strengths of fine-grained soil and coarse-grained soil from 7 to 60 days of curing under air-dry condition, but had no significant effect on the strengths of silty loam under air-dry condition and those in sealed glass containers. Under the air-dry conditions, the unconfined compressive strengths of lime-stabilized soil were lower than those treated with Perma-Zyme at different ages. In sealed glass containers, the unconfined compressive strengths of lime-stabilized soil were higher than those treated with Perma-Zyme, because the water in specimens can not evaporate and can promote further hydration of the ground quicklime particles.

Correlation between dislocation, grain boundary and interface of duplex SS in stress corrosion cracking(SCC)

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 928-929
Author(s):  
Wang Zheng-fang ◽  
Z.F. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Thermal Cycle ◽  
Secondary Phase ◽  
Corrosion Cracking ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Test Environment ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Evaluation Test ◽  
Welding Thermal Cycle ◽  
Micro Analysis

The main purpose of this study highlights on the evaluation of chloride SCC resistance of the material,duplex stainless steel,OOCr18Ni5Mo3Si2 (18-5Mo) and its welded coarse grained zone(CGZ).18-5Mo is a dual phases (A+F) stainless steel with yield strength:512N/mm2 .The proportion of secondary Phase(A phase) accounts for 30-35% of the total with fine grained and homogeneously distributed A and F phases(Fig.1).After being welded by a specific welding thermal cycle to the material,i.e. Tmax=1350°C and t8/5=20s,microstructure may change from fine grained morphology to coarse grained morphology and from homogeneously distributed of A phase to a concentration of A phase(Fig.2).Meanwhile,the proportion of A phase reduced from 35% to 5-10°o.For this reason it is known as welded coarse grained zone(CGZ).In association with difference of microstructure between base metal and welded CGZ,so chloride SCC resistance also differ from each other.Test procedures:Constant load tensile test(CLTT) were performed for recording Esce-t curve by which corrosion cracking growth can be described, tf,fractured time,can also be recorded by the test which is taken as a electrochemical behavior and mechanical property for SCC resistance evaluation. Test environment:143°C boiling 42%MgCl2 solution is used.Besides, micro analysis were conducted with light microscopy(LM),SEM,TEM,and Auger energy spectrum(AES) so as to reveal the correlation between the data generated by the CLTT results and micro analysis.

scholarly journals Modeling the Compaction Characteristics of Fine-Grained Soils Blended with Tire-Derived Aggregates

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 7737
Author(s):  
Amin Soltani ◽  
Mahdieh Azimi ◽  
Brendan C. O’Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Energy Levels ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Power Functions ◽  
Compaction Characteristics ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Practical Procedure ◽  
Fine Grained Soil

This study aims at modeling the compaction characteristics of fine-grained soils blended with sand-sized (0.075–4.75 mm) recycled tire-derived aggregates (TDAs). Model development and calibration were performed using a large and diverse database of 100 soil–TDA compaction tests (with the TDA-to-soil dry mass ratio ≤ 30%) assembled from the literature. Following a comprehensive statistical analysis, it is demonstrated that the optimum moisture content (OMC) and maximum dry unit weight (MDUW) for soil–TDA blends (across different soil types, TDA particle sizes and compaction energy levels) can be expressed as universal power functions of the OMC and MDUW of the unamended soil, along with the soil to soil–TDA specific gravity ratio. Employing the Bland–Altman analysis, the 95% upper and lower (water content) agreement limits between the predicted and measured OMC values were, respectively, obtained as +1.09% and −1.23%, both of which can be considered negligible for practical applications. For the MDUW predictions, these limits were calculated as +0.67 and −0.71 kN/m3, which (like the OMC) can be deemed acceptable for prediction purposes. Having established the OMC and MDUW of the unamended fine-grained soil, the empirical models proposed in this study offer a practical procedure towards predicting the compaction characteristics of the soil–TDA blends without the hurdles of performing separate laboratory compaction tests, and thus can be employed in practice for preliminary design assessments and/or soil–TDA optimization studies.

scholarly journals Balanced Sparsity for Efficient DNN Inference on GPU

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 5676-5683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhuliang Yao ◽  
Shijie Cao ◽  
Wencong Xiao ◽  
Chen Zhang ◽  
Lanshun Nie
Keyword(s):  
Deep Neural Networks ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Efficient Computation ◽  
Model Accuracy ◽  
Sparse Model ◽  
Model Inference ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Practical Inference ◽  
Speed Up

In trained deep neural networks, unstructured pruning can reduce redundant weights to lower storage cost. However, it requires the customization of hardwares to speed up practical inference. Another trend accelerates sparse model inference on general-purpose hardwares by adopting coarse-grained sparsity to prune or regularize consecutive weights for efficient computation. But this method often sacrifices model accuracy. In this paper, we propose a novel fine-grained sparsity approach, Balanced Sparsity, to achieve high model accuracy with commercial hardwares efficiently. Our approach adapts to high parallelism property of GPU, showing incredible potential for sparsity in the widely deployment of deep learning services. Experiment results show that Balanced Sparsity achieves up to 3.1x practical speedup for model inference on GPU, while retains the same high model accuracy as finegrained sparsity.

scholarly journals Submarine lava deltas of the 2018 eruption of Kīlauea volcano

2021 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Adam Soule ◽  
Michael Zoeller ◽  
Carolyn Parcheta
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Pore Pressure ◽  
Mechanistic Model ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Volcanic Hazards ◽  
Lava Flows ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Fine Grain ◽  
Delta Formation

AbstractHawaiian and other ocean island lava flows that reach the coastline can deposit significant volumes of lava in submarine deltas. The catastrophic collapse of these deltas represents one of the most significant, but least predictable, volcanic hazards at ocean islands. The volume of lava deposited below sea level in delta-forming eruptions and the mechanisms of delta construction and destruction are rarely documented. Here, we report on bathymetric surveys and ROV observations following the Kīlauea 2018 eruption that, along with a comparison to the deltas formed at Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō over the past decade, provide new insight into delta formation. Bathymetric differencing reveals that the 2018 deltas contain more than half of the total volume of lava erupted. In addition, we find that the 2018 deltas are comprised largely of coarse-grained volcanic breccias and intact lava flows, which contrast with those at Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō that contain a large fraction of fine-grained hyaloclastite. We attribute this difference to less efficient fragmentation of the 2018 ‘a‘ā flows leading to fragmentation by collapse rather than hydrovolcanic explosion. We suggest a mechanistic model where the characteristic grain size influences the form and stability of the delta with fine grain size deltas (Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō) experiencing larger landslides with greater run-out supported by increased pore pressure and with coarse grain size deltas (Kīlauea 2018) experiencing smaller landslides that quickly stop as the pore pressure rapidly dissipates. This difference, if validated for other lava deltas, would provide a means to assess potential delta stability in future eruptions.

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