Cognitive Control and Self-Regulation

2017 ◽  
pp. 521-529
Author(s):  
Hannah Schmitt ◽  
Jutta Kray
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Self Regulation

scholarly journals How Does Ritualized Behavior Lower Anxiety? The Role of Cognitive Load and Conscious Preoccupation in Anxiety Reduction

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-205
Author(s):  
Aneta Niczyporuk
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Attentional Control ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Anxiety Reduction ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Paradoxical Effects ◽  
Control Load ◽  
Anxiety Levels

Abstract Although rituals are believed to lower anxiety, the underlying mechanism of anxiety reduction has not been explained well enough. According to Boyer and Liénard (2006), ritualized behavior decreases the anxiety levels because it swamps working memory. This blocks anxious thoughts’ access to consciousness. As a result, ritualized behavior lowers anxiety temporarily but maintains it in the long run. In the article, I analyze what processes should be engaged in ritualized behavior to bring the aforementioned outcomes. I propose that ritualized behavior has anxiolytic properties if it preoccupies consciousness without placing too many demands on cognitive control. While conscious preoccupation with ritualized behavior should reduce anxiety, cognitive control load related to efforts to concentrate on ritualized behavior may bring immediate paradoxical effects of self-regulation, i.e., anxiety increases. Moreover, since anxiety disrupts attentional control capabilities, ritualized behavior should not be too cognitively demanding if an anxious person is to perform it.

Moods of Energy and Tension That Motivate

2012 ◽  
pp. 407-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Thayer
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Athletic Performance ◽  
Psychological Functioning ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Attentional Focus ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Relaxation Techniques ◽  
Natural Processes ◽  
Bodily Arousal ◽  
Positive State

Moods are perfect barometers of physiological and psychological functioning. Two biopsychological dimensions, Energetic and Tense Arousal, are keys to understanding moods. These dimensions interact under different activating conditions to form four complex moods that range from calm energy (pleasurable mood associated with full attentional focus, happiness, optimism, favorable athletic performance, and self-control) to tense tiredness (bad mood associated with depression, negative perception of problems, yielding to unwanted urges such as sugar snacking or smoking). Two other complex moods include tense energy (moderately positive state that combines vigor with moderate tension) and calm tiredness (ideal for restful sleep). Energetic and tense arousal are associated with many kinds of motivational processes, including various strategies of self-regulation (best strategy combines relaxation techniques, exercise, and cognitive control). Important to these moods are natural processes such as health, sleep, diet, diurnal energy cycles, movement (exercise), and stress. These moods are mediated by general bodily arousal states.

scholarly journals Peer effects on self-regulation in adolescence depend on the nature and quality of the peer interaction

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 1389-1401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin M. King ◽  
Katie A. McLaughlin ◽  
Jennifer Silk ◽  
Kathryn C. Monahan
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Peer Interaction ◽  
Distress Tolerance ◽  
Peer Interactions ◽  
Peer Acceptance ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Risky Behaviors ◽  
Different Dimensions

AbstractAdolescence is a critical period for the development of self-regulation, and peer interactions are thought to strongly influence regulation ability. Simple exposure to peers has been found to alter decisions about risky behaviors and increase sensitivity to rewards. The link between peer exposure and self-regulation is likely to vary as a function of the type and quality of peer interaction (e.g., rejection or acceptance). Little is known about how the nature of interactions with peers influences different dimensions of self-regulation. We examined how randomization to acceptance or rejection by online “virtual” peers influenced multiple dimensions of self-regulation in a multisite community sample of 273 adolescents aged 16–17 years. Compared to a neutral condition, exposure to peers produced increases in cold cognitive control, but decreased hot cognitive control. Relative to peer acceptance, peer rejection reduced distress tolerance and increased sensitivity to losses. These findings suggest that different dimensions of adolescent self-regulation are influenced by the nature of the peer context: basic cognitive functions are altered by mere exposure to peers, whereas more complex decision making and emotion regulation processes are influenced primarily by the quality of that exposure.

scholarly journals Personality Traits, Achievement Motivation, and Self-Regulation in Physically Active and Sedentary Young Adults

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Concepcion Padilla ◽  
Pilar Andres
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Achievement Motivation ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Health Providers ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Cardiovascular Exercise ◽  
The Impact

Previous research has established a link between exercise and executive functions. However, how personality, motivation, and self-regulation can influence this association have been little investigated. Studies investigating in these aspects have shown that physically active individuals are more extrovert, conscientious and open to new experiences than sedentary individuals. Those who are sedentary tend to show more neuroticism and less self-regulation. In this chapter, the literature exploring these aspects is reviewed. In addition, a study to examine the impact of these factors in physically active and sedentary young adults is presented. The Big Five Inventory, the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory, the Achievement Motivation scales, and the Adult Temperament Questionnaire were administered to evaluate personality, motivation, and self-regulation. The results revealed that active participants significantly differed from sedentary participants in terms of personality showing higher emotional stability, extraversion, and openness to experiences, in addition to greater inhibitory control (self-regulation). Associations between better control of emotions and impulses and cognitive control were also explored, finding a significant correlation between them. Some guidance is included to help health providers to design physical activity programs to promote cardiovascular exercise in populations with high levels of inactivity.

Characterizing intrinsic functional connectivity in relation to impaired self-regulation in intellectually able male youth with autism spectrum disorder

Autism ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 1201-1216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hsiang-Yuan Lin ◽  
Hsing-Chang Ni ◽  
Wen-Yih Isaac Tseng ◽  
Susan Shur-Fen Gau
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Young People ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Sensorimotor Processing

While a considerable number of youth with autism spectrum disorder exhibit impaired self-regulation (dysregulation), little is known about the neural correlates of dysregulation in autism spectrum disorder. In a sample of intellectually able boys with autism spectrum disorder (further categorized as those with and without dysregulation) and typically developing boys (aged 7–17 years), we conducted a multivariate connectome-wide association study to examine the intrinsic functional connectivity with resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Dysregulation was defined by the sum of Attention, Aggression, and Anxiety/Depression subscales on the Child Behavior Checklist. We identified that both categorical and dimensional neural correlates of dysregulation in youth with autism spectrum disorder involved atypical connectivity among the components of multiple brain networks, especially between those subserving sensorimotor processing and salience encoding, beyond higher-level cognitive control circuitries. Interaction within the attention network might serve as autism spectrum disorder–specific neural correlates underpinning dysregulation. Our results highlight that the inter-individual variability in dysregulation might contribute to the inconsistency in the neuroimaging literature of autism spectrum disorder. Collectively, the present findings provide evidence to suggest that dysregulation might be considered as both categorical and dimensional moderators to parse heterogeneity of autism spectrum disorder. Lay Abstract Impaired self-regulation (i.e., dysregulation in affective, behavioral, and cognitive control), is commonly present in young people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, little is known about what is happening in people’s brains when self-regulation is impaired in young people with ASD. We used a technique called functional MRI (which measures brain activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow) at a resting state (when participants are not asked to do anything) to research this in intellectually able young people with ASD. We found that brains with more connections, especially between regions involved in sensorimotor processing and regions involved in the processes that enable peoples to focus their attention on the most pertinent features from the sensory environment (salience processing), were related to more impaired self-regulation in young people with and without ASD. We also found that impaired self-regulation was related to increased communication within the brain system involved in voluntary orienting attention to a sensory cue (the dorsal attention network) in young people with ASD. These results highlight how different people have different degrees of dysregulation, which has been largely overlooked in the earlier brain imaging reports on ASD. This might contribute to understanding some of the inconsistencies in the existing published literature on this topic.

scholarly journals Concept of Will as an Open Problem in Culture-Historical Context

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-53
Author(s):  
Nataliya N. Tolstykh
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Open Problem ◽  
Personality Development ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
External Source ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Inner World ◽  
The Individual

Outlines a new approach to the problem of development of will, emanating from the tradition of thought represented by Vygotsky and Bozhovich. The main conceptual de-velopment lies in drawing a distinction between two concepts – will (volya) and goal appropriation, self-regulation, executive cognitive control of behavior (proyzvolnost’). Both concepts emphasize the readiness and ability of an individual to pursue a goal. The distinction lies in the nature of that goal determination. In will, it is self generated and comes from the inner world of the individual while in goal appropriation, it is determined by an external source but is readily appropriated. A such distinction is supported by re-cent findings in neuroscience which describe the actualization of di˙erent brain structures depending on whether an individual acts upon will or willingly submission. Hence, the personality development is considered as a process of will development in which will and goal appropriation inter plays and progresses in specific stages paving the way for subjunctivization or becoming a true subject of that culture.

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