scholarly journals Block-Groups and Hall Relations

2021 ◽  
pp. 25-32
Author(s):  
Azza M. Gaysin ◽  
Mikhail V. Volkov
Keyword(s):  
Block Groups

Hate Crime and Place: The Spatial and Temporal Concentration of Bias-Motivated Crime in Washington, D.C.

2021 ◽  
pp. 088626052098781
Author(s):  
Marin R. Wenger ◽  
Brendan Lantz
Keyword(s):  
Hate Crime ◽  
Hate Crimes ◽  
Temporal Perspective ◽  
Spatial Stability ◽  
Units Of Analysis ◽  
Crime Types ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Block Groups ◽  
Street Segments

Prior research suggests that many crime types are spatially concentrated and stable over time. Hate crime, however, is a unique crime type that is etiologically distinct from others. As such, examination of hate crime from a spatial and temporal perspective offers an opportunity to understand hate crime and the spatial concentration of crime more generally. The current study examines the spatial stability of hate crimes reported to the police in Washington, D.C., from 2012 through 2018 using street segments, intersections, and block groups as units of analysis. Findings reveal that hate crime is spatially concentrated, with less than 4% of street segments and intersections experiencing hate crime over the study period. Results reveal a high degree of spatial stability, both year-to-year and over the long term even when restricting the analysis to units that experienced at least one hate crime.

scholarly journals Neighbourhood variation in the price of soda relative to milk and its association with neighbourhood socio-economic status and race

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (18) ◽  
pp. 3386-3396 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M Kern ◽  
Amy H Auchincloss ◽  
Lance S Ballester ◽  
Lucy F Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Economic Status ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
High Dispersion ◽  
Hispanic Population ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Census Block Group ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Soda Consumption ◽  
Block Groups

AbstractObjectiveSoda consumption is high in the USA, especially among minorities and individuals of lower socio-economic status (SES); this may be due to its affordable price in relation to healthier alternatives. The objective of the present study was to examine geospatial variation in price of milk and soda, and the price of milk relative to soda, by neighbourhood SES and proportion of Hispanic and black individuals.DesignRetailer soda and milk prices (n 2987; Information Resources, Inc. Academic Data Set 2004–2011) were linked to census block group sociodemographic characteristics (American Community Survey 2005–2009). Linear hierarchical regression models were used to adjust for confounders.SettingLarge chain supermarkets and superstores (n 1743) in forty-one states and 1694 block groups (USA).ResultsFor equivalent fluid ounces, price of soda on average was 62 % lower than milk ($US 0·23 v. $US 0·63 per serving) and there was high dispersion in milk price across geographic areas. After adjustment for confounding, neighbourhoods with a higher concentration of black and Hispanic individuals tended to have lower soda prices and higher milk prices (−$US 0·001 and +$US 0·007 in price per serving, respectively, for a one quintile increase in black/Hispanic population), while soda and milk both became less expensive as SES decreased (–$US 0·002 and −$US 0·015 in serving price per one sd decrease in SES index, respectively).ConclusionsNeighbourhoods with a higher concentration of blacks and Hispanics may be at greater risk of higher soda consumption due to more affordable prices, in absolute terms and relative to the price of milk.

scholarly journals Nature inequity and higher COVID-19 case rates in less-green neighbourhoods in the United States

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica N. Spotswood ◽  
Matthew Benjamin ◽  
Lauren Stoneburner ◽  
Megan M. Wheeler ◽  
Erin E. Beller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
The United States ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Urban Nature ◽  
Urbanized Areas ◽  
Block Groups

AbstractUrban nature—such as greenness and parks—can alleviate distress and provide space for safe recreation during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, nature is often less available in low-income populations and communities of colour—the same communities hardest hit by COVID-19. In analyses of two datasets, we quantified inequity in greenness and park proximity across all urbanized areas in the United States and linked greenness and park access to COVID-19 case rates for ZIP codes in 17 states. Areas with majority persons of colour had both higher case rates and less greenness. Furthermore, when controlling for sociodemographic variables, an increase of 0.1 in the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index was associated with a 4.1% decrease in COVID-19 incidence rates (95% confidence interval: 0.9–6.8%). Across the United States, block groups with lower income and majority persons of colour are less green and have fewer parks. Our results demonstrate that the communities most impacted by COVID-19 also have the least nature nearby. Given that urban nature is associated with both human health and biodiversity, these results have far-reaching implications both during and beyond the pandemic.

A Longitudinal Examination of Building Demolitions On Neighbourhood Crime Rates

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
James C Wo ◽  
Young-An Kim
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Crime Rates ◽  
Social Ecological ◽  
Criminological Research ◽  
Block Groups ◽  
Longitudinal Examination

Abstract Criminological research shows that vacant and dilapidated buildings contribute to higher neighbourhood crime rates. Therefore, the implication is that by physically removing these buildings from a neighbourhood, there will subsequently be a reduction in crime within that neighbourhood. In this study, we focus on the potential crime-reducing benefits of building demolitions—a change in the physical landscape, which may initiate or sustain neighbourhood revitalization. Accordingly, we examine the influence of building demolitions on crime within Philadelphia block groups from 2008 to 2018, controlling for a range of social-ecological factors known to be associated with crime rates. We also differentiate between city and private demolitions to examine the possibility that not all demolitions are created equal in relation to crime.

Effects of Perioperative Analgesic Technique on the Surgical Outcome and Duration of Rehabilitation after Major Knee Surgery 

1999 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xavier Capdevila ◽  
Yves Barthelet ◽  
Philippe Biboulet ◽  
Yves Ryckwaert ◽  
Josh Rubenovitch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Knee Surgery ◽  
Epidural Infusion ◽  
Continuous Passive Motion ◽  
Morphine Group ◽  
Continuous Epidural Infusion ◽  
Passive Motion ◽  
Infusion Group ◽  
Analgesic Technique ◽  
Continuous Femoral Block ◽  
Block Groups

Background Continuous passive motion after major knee surgery optimizes the functional prognosis but causes severe pain. The authors tested the hypothesis that postoperative analgesic techniques influence surgical outcome and the duration of convalescence. Methods Before standardized general anesthesia, 56 adult scheduled for major knee surgery were randomly assigned to one of three groups, each to receive a different postoperative analgesic technique for 72 h: continuous epidural infusion, continuous femoral block, or intravenous patient-controlled morphine (dose, 1 mg; lockout interval, 7 min; maximum dose, 30 mg/4 h). The first two techniques were performed using a solution of 1% lidocaine, 0.03 mg/ml morphine, and 2 microg/ml clonidine administered at 0.1 ml x kg(-1) x h(-1). Pain was assessed at rest and during continuous passive motion using a visual analog scale. The early postoperative maximal amplitude of knee flexion was measured during continuous passive motion at 24 h and 48 h and compared with the target levels prescribed by the surgeon. To evaluate functional outcome, the maximal amplitudes were measured again on postoperative day 5, at hospital discharge (day 7), and at 1- and 3-month follow-up examinations. When the patients left the surgical ward, they were admitted to a rehabilitation center, where their length of stay depended on prospectively determined discharge criteria Results The continuous epidural infusion and continuous femoral block groups showed significantly lower visual analog scale scores at rest and during continuous passive motion compared with the patient-controlled morphine group. The early postoperative knee mobilization levels in both continuous epidural infusion and continuous femoral block groups were significantly closer to the target levels prescribed by the surgeon than in the patient-controlled morphine group. On postoperative day 7, these values were 90 degrees (60-100 degrees)(median and 25th-75th percentiles) in the continuous epidural infusion group, 90 degrees (60-100 degrees) in the continuous femoral block group, and 80 degrees (60-100 degrees) in the patient-controlled morphine group (P < 0.05). The durations of stay in the rehabilitation center were significantly shorter: 37 days (range, 30-45 days) in the continuous epidural infusion group, 40 days (range, 31-60 days) in the continuous femoral block group, and 50 days (range, 30-80 days) in the patient-controlled morphine group (P < 0.05). Side effects were encountered more frequently in the continuous epidural infusion group. Conclusion Regional analgesic techniques improve early rehabilitation after major knee surgery by effectively controlling pain during continuous passive motion, thereby hastening convalescence.

Environmental Design and Neighborhood Context: A Multi-level Analysis of Crime at Apartments in Cincinnati Neighborhoods

2020 ◽  
pp. 001112872096244
Author(s):  
Rustu Deryol ◽  
Troy Payne
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Design ◽  
Neighborhood Context ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Multilevel Regression ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Crime Counts ◽  
Block Groups ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Neighborhood Level

The present study examines the role of opportunity on crime counts within the multicontextual opportunity theoretical framework. We used weighted multilevel regression modeling of site observation data from a Cincinnati-based sample of 1003 apartments nested within 228 census block groups. Results indicate that only a couple of environmental design features are associated with crime in the expected direction, and some of these associations are neighborhood-context-dependent. We conclude that the results support the propositions of multicontextual opportunity theory suggesting that neighborhood level factors condition the relationship between micro level opportunity factors and crime. Since there is a scant literature on this topic, more research is needed to see if the findings hold true in other places.

scholarly journals Environmental Justice and Factors that Influence Participation in Tree Planting Programs in Portland, Oregon, U.S.

2014 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Donovan ◽  
John Mills
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Environmental Justice ◽  
High School Graduation ◽  
Tree Planting ◽  
Census Block ◽  
Environmental Inequality ◽  
High School Graduation Rates ◽  
Local Program ◽  
School Graduation ◽  
Block Groups

Many cities have policies encouraging homeowners to plant trees. For these policies to be effective, it is important to understand what motivates a homeowner’s tree-planting decision. Researchers address this question by identifying variables that influence participation in a tree-planting program in Portland, Oregon, U.S. According to the study, homeowners with street trees, and those living in older homes, are more likely to participate in the local program. Homeowners who had owned their homes for longer, and those who live in census-block groups with lower high-school graduation rates, are less likely to participate in the program. Results suggest that tree-planting programs may inadvertently exacerbate environmental inequality.

scholarly journals Poverty Suburbanization, Job Accessibility, and Employment Outcomes

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Delmelle ◽  
Isabelle Nilsson ◽  
Providence Adu
Keyword(s):  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Amenities ◽  
Job Opportunity ◽  
Employment Rates ◽  
Center City ◽  
Household Incomes ◽  
Block Groups ◽  
Low Income Households

The last decade of urbanization throughout many cities have seen a perceptible shift in the demand for centralized urban amenities while poverty has increasingly decentralized. Yet, the opportunity landscape of these shifting geographies of poverty and prosperity are not well understood. In this article, we examine how access to employment for low-income households has been impacted as a result of these changing geographies. Using a case study on the Charlotte metropolitan area we examine whether the suburbanization of poverty and reinvestment in the center city has reshaped the job opportunity landscape for low-wage residents. The objectives of this article are twofold. First, we calculate and map autobased accessibility from all neighborhoods in the Charlotte metropolitan area to job locations, differentiated by wage categories, in 2010 and 2017 to identify potential changes in the mismatch between low-income households and access to employment. We use a point-level employment dataset for these two years and calculate accessibility originating from census block groups. Second, we estimate the extent to which access to employment has affected employment rates and household incomes at the neighborhood level using a first-difference, spatial two-stage least squares model with instrumental variables. Our findings suggest that changes in accessibility had no significant effect on changes in neighborhood employment rates. However, we find evidence that increasing accessibility for lower-income households could have a positive effect on neighborhood median household incomes. Overall, the polycentric nature of Charlotte appears to have reduced the spatial mismatch between low-income workers and low-wage jobs.

scholarly journals Who has nature during the pandemic? COVID-19 cases track widespread inequity in nature access across the United States

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica Spotswood ◽  
Matthew Benjamin ◽  
Lauren Stoneburner ◽  
Megan Wheeler ◽  
Erin Beller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
The United States ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Urban Nature ◽  
Communities Of Color ◽  
The Us ◽  
Block Groups

Abstract Urban nature can alleviate distress and provide space for safe recreation during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, nature is often less available in low-income and communities of color—the same communities hardest hit by COVID-19. We quantified nature inequality across all urbanized areas in the US and linked nature access to COVID-19 case rates for ZIP Codes in 17 states. Areas with majority persons of color had both higher case rates and less greenness. Furthermore, when controlling for socio-demographic variables, an increase of 0.1 in Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was associated with a 4.1% decrease in COVID-19 incidence rates (95% confidence interval: 0.9-6.8%). Across the US, block groups with lower-income and majority persons of color are less green and have fewer parks. Thus, communities most impacted by COVID-19 also have the least nature nearby. Given urban nature is associated with both human health and biodiversity, these results have far-reaching implications both during and beyond the pandemic.

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