Indeterminate western blot patterns in a cohort of individuals at high risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) exposure

Abstract We used the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to determine the frequency of silent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infections in seronegative high-risk individuals with hemophilia who had been exposed to contaminated blood products more than 3 years previously. In a cross- sectional study of a cohort of 57 prospectively followed seronegative hemophiliacs who received multiple transfusions before 1986, HIV-1 proviral DNA was found transiently in only one patient. These data suggest that the rate of HIV infection among high-risk antibody negative individuals with hemophilia is very low to absent, in the range of 0% to 2%. These findings should provide considerable reassurance to seronegative persons with hemophilia and their sexual partners.

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Late diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus infections in high-risk groups in Karachi, Pakistan

International Journal of STD & AIDS ◽

10.1177/0956462418785264 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 29 (14) ◽

pp. 1400-1406

Author(s):

Zahra Hasan ◽

Sharaf Shah ◽

Rumina Hasan ◽

Shoaib Rao ◽

Manzoor Ahmed ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

High Risk ◽

Early Diagnosis ◽

Hiv Infection ◽

Hiv Infections ◽

Risk Groups ◽

Newly Diagnosed ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Hiv 1

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection prevalence in Pakistan has been increasing in high-risk groups, including people who inject drugs (PWID) and transgender hijra sex workers (TG-HSWs) nationwide. Effective control of HIV requires early diagnosis of the infection. We investigated recency of HIV infections in newly-diagnosed cases in PWID and TG-HSWs. This was an observational study with convenience sampling. Overall, 210 HIV-positive subjects comprising an equal number of PWID and TG-HSWs were included. Antibody avidity was tested using the Maxim HIV-1 Limiting Antigen Avidity (LAg) EIA (Maxim Biomedical, Inc. Rockville, Maryland, USA). The mean age of study subjects was 29.5 years: PWID, 28.5 years and TG-HSWs, 30.4 years. Study subjects were married, 27%, or unmarried. Eighteen percent of individuals had recently-acquired HIV infections: 19% of PWID and 17% of TG-HSWs. Eighty-two percent of individuals had long-term HIV infections: 81% of PWID and 83% of TG-HSWs. This is the first study identification of recent HIV-1 infections in Pakistan. We show that most newly-diagnosed HIV patients in the high-risk groups studied had long-term infections. There is an urgent need for intervention in these groups to facilitate early diagnosis and treatment of HIV infection to reduce transmission in Pakistan.

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Isolation and antigenic characterization of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Brazil

Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz ◽

10.1590/s0074-02761987000400001 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 82 (4) ◽

pp. 453-456 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

B. Galvão-Castro ◽

J. Ivo-dos-Santos ◽

J. C. Couto-Fernandez ◽

V. Bongertz ◽

Dumith Chequer-Bou-Habib ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Western Blot ◽

Blot Analysis ◽

Envelope Glycoprotein ◽

Brazilian Isolate ◽

Antigenic Characterization ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Human Immunodeficiency Viruses ◽

Hiv 1

A retrovirus infecting a Brazilian AIDS patient was isolated and characterized in terms of its reactivity with sera from individuals infected with human immunodeficiency viruses 1 and 2 (HIV-1 and HIV-2). The Western blot analysis revealed that the Brazilian isolate is very similar to the well characterized HIV-1 strain. The serum of the patient from whom the virus was isolated did not react with the 140 kDa envelope glycoprotein specific for HIV-2.

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Validation of a Modified Commercial Enzyme-Linked Immunoassay for Detection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Immunoglobulin G Antibodies in Saliva

Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology ◽

10.1128/cdli.8.2.346-348.2001 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 346-348 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Bhavna H. Chohan ◽

Ludo Lavreys ◽

Kishorchandra N. Mandaliya ◽

Joan K. Kreiss ◽

Job J. Bwayo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

High Risk ◽

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽

Virus Type ◽

Predictive Value ◽

Saliva Sample ◽

High Risk Population ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Hiv 1

ABSTRACT This study was performed to evaluate the performance of a saliva collection device (OmniSal) and an enzyme-linked immunoassay (EIA) designed for use on serum samples (Detect HIV1/2) to detect human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) antibodies in the saliva of high-risk women in Mombasa, Kenya. The results of the saliva assay were compared to a “gold standard” of a double-EIA testing algorithm performed on serum. Individuals were considered HIV-1 seropositive if their serum tested positive for antibodies to HIV-1 by two different EIAs. The commercial serum-based EIA was modified to test the saliva samples by altering the dilution and lowering the cutoff point of the assay. Using the saliva sample, the EIA correctly identified 102 of the 103 seropositive individuals, yielding a sensitivity of 99% (95% confidence interval [CI], 94 to 100%), and 96 of the 96 seronegative individuals, yielding a specificity of 100% (95% CI, 95 to 100%). In this high-risk population, the positive predictive value of the assay was 100% and the negative predictive value was 99%. We conclude that HIV-1 antibody testing of saliva samples collected with this device and tested by this EIA is of sufficient sensitivity and specificity to make this protocol useful in epidemiological studies.

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Identification and culture of Kaposi's sarcoma-like spindle cells from the peripheral blood of human immunodeficiency virus-1-infected individuals and normal controls [see comments]

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v84.8.2711.bloodjournal8482711 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 84 (8) ◽

pp. 2711-2720 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

PJ Browning ◽

JM Sechler ◽

M Kaplan ◽

RH Washington ◽

R Gendelman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

High Risk ◽

Peripheral Blood ◽

Vascular Endothelial Cells ◽

Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽

Spindle Cells ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Hiv 1 ◽

Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1

We examined 26 patients with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1)- associated Kaposi′s sarcoma (KS), and 76 HIV-1-infected (HIV-1+) people without KS or uninfected (HIV-1-) controls for the presence of circulating KS-like spindle cells. Adherent cells that had spindle morphology and several characteristics of spindle cells of KS lesions (KS cells) were identified in the peripheral blood mononuclear cell fraction only after culture in the presence of conditioned medium (CM) from activated lymphocytes. The peripheral blood-derived spindle cells (PBsc) expressed a variety of endothelial cell markers, such as Ulex europaeus I lectin, EN4, EN2/3, EN7/44, CD13, CD34, CD36, CD54, ELAM-1, and HLA-DR. However, they were negative for CD2, CD19, PaIE, and factor VIII-related antigen. The PBsc produced angiogenic factors as evidenced by the ability of CM from these cells to promote growth of normal vascular endothelial cells. In addition, subcutaneously injected PBsc stimulated angiogenesis in vivo in athymic nude mice. We determined that the number of PBsc grown from the peripheral blood of HIV-1+ patients with KS or at high risk to develop KS were increased by 78- fold (P = .0001) and 18-fold (P = .005), respectively, when compared with HIV-1- controls. The number of spindle cells cultured from the HIV- 1+ patients at low risk for developing KS, eg, HIV-1+ injection drug users, showed no statistical increase when compared with HIV-1- controls. The presence of increased PBsc with characteristics of KS cells in HIV-1+ KS patients or patients at high risk for developing KS gives insights into the origin of KS cells and may explain the multifocal nature of the disease. In addition, this may be useful in predicting the risk of KS development.

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Low Levels of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 DNA in High-Risk Seronegative Men

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.79.10.6551-6553.2005 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 79 (10) ◽

pp. 6551-6553 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Fransje A. Koning ◽

Teun J. K. van der Vorst ◽

Hanneke Schuitemaker

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

High Risk ◽

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽

Virus Type ◽

Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Low Levels ◽

Hiv 1

ABSTRACT We detected human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) DNA at very low levels in sequential peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples of five out of six high-risk, seronegative, homosexual men and five out of five individuals 7.8 to 1.6 years prior to seroconversion. These data indicate a high prevalence of low-level HIV-1 DNA in exposed seronegative individuals.

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