The nutritional mode of action of some feed additives in pigs

In this review article, the use of organic acids as feed additives is being examined in pig and poultry nutrition. The aim of this article was to evaluate the effect of organic acids and their salts on pig and poultry performance, to describe the organic acids used in animal nutrition, to discuss the route of administration and to investigate the mode of their action. The most widely used organic acids are formic, acetic, propionic, fumarie, citric, sorbic and butyric acid, and their salts as well. These organic acids are administered mainly through the feed, but they may be administered through the drinking water as well. Successful utilization of organic acids in pig and poultry nutrition requires knowledge of their mode of action. It is generally accepted that organic acids and their salts lower feed and gastric pH, increasing the activity of proteolytic enzymes and, thus, improving protein digestion. Besides, they reduce the buffering capacity of the feeds, resulting in reduced intestinal colonization with pathogens. They also improve the apparent digestibility of proteins and amino acids, increase the absorption of minerals and affect the composition of intestinal microflora and mucosal morphology. Relevant experimentations suggest that the organic acids improve growth rate and feed efficiency ratio in weaned piglets and fattening pigs. Also, the organic acids improve the performance of broiler chickens when used in relatively high doses, whereas, in laying hens, they improve the absorption of macroelements, like phosphorus and calcium. The present article suggests that after the recent ban on the use of the antibiotic growth promoting substances by the EU, the use of organic acids in pig and poultry nutrition appears to be an interesting alternative. However, the effect of organic acids on performance of pigs and poultry varies considerably and, thus, further research is needed for a better understanding of the mode of action and the efficacy of these compounds.

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Review of immune stimulator substances/agents that are susceptible of being used as feed additives: mode of action and identification of end‐points for efficacy assessment

EFSA Supporting Publications ◽

10.2903/sp.efsa.2015.en-905 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 12 (12) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Keyword(s):

Mode Of Action ◽

Feed Additives ◽

End Points ◽

Efficacy Assessment

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Phytogenic Bioactive Compounds Shape Fish Mucosal Immunity

Frontiers in Immunology ◽

10.3389/fimmu.2021.695973 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Joana P. Firmino ◽

Jorge Galindo-Villegas ◽

Felipe E. Reyes-López ◽

Enric Gisbert

Keyword(s):

Mucosal Immunity ◽

Mode Of Action ◽

Bacterial Resistance ◽

Wide Spectrum ◽

Feed Additives ◽

Mucosal Barrier ◽

Reproducible Research ◽

Organosulfur Compounds ◽

The Impact

Aquaculture growth will unavoidably involve the implementation of innovative and sustainable production strategies, being functional feeds among the most promising ones. A wide spectrum of phytogenics, particularly those containing terpenes and organosulfur compounds, are increasingly studied in aquafeeds, due to their growth promoting, antimicrobial, immunostimulant, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and sedative properties. This trend relies on the importance of the mucosal barrier in the fish defense. Establishing the phytogenics’ mode of action in mucosal tissues is of importance for further use and safe administration. Although the impact of phytogenics upon fish mucosal immunity has been extensively approached, most of the studies fail in addressing the mechanisms underlying their pharmacological effects. Unstandardized testing as an extended practice also questions the reproducibility and safety of such studies, limiting the use of phytogenics at commercial scale. The information presented herein provides insight on the fish mucosal immune responses to phytogenics, suggesting their mode of action, and ultimately encouraging the practice of reliable and reproducible research for novel feed additives for aquafeeds. For proper screening, characterization and optimization of their mode of action, we encourage the evaluation of purified compounds using in vitro systems before moving forward to in vivo trials. The formulation of additives with combinations of compounds previously characterized is recommended to avoid bacterial resistance. To improve the delivery of phytogenics and overcome limitations associated to compounds volatility and susceptibility to degradation, the use of encapsulation is advisable. Besides, newer approaches and dedicated methodologies are needed to elucidate the phytogenics pharmacokinetics and mode of action in depth.

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The effect and mode of action of saponins on the microbial populations and fermentation in the rumen and ruminant production

Nutrition Research Reviews ◽

10.1017/s0954422409990163 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 204-219 ◽

Cited By ~ 102

Author(s):

A. K. Patra ◽

J. Saxena

Keyword(s):

Microbial Community ◽

Mode Of Action ◽

Rumen Fermentation ◽

Feed Additives ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Systematic Research ◽

Chemical Additives ◽

Ammonia Adsorption ◽

Chemical Structures ◽

Rumen Metabolism

The growing public concerns over chemical residues in animal-derived foods and threats of antibiotic-resistant bacteria have renewed interest in exploring safer alternatives to chemical feed additives in ruminant livestock. Various bioactive phytochemicals including saponins appear to be potential ‘natural’ alternatives to ‘chemical’ additives in modulating rumen fermentation favourably and animal performance. Saponins are a diverse group of glycosides present in many families of plants. The primary effect of saponins in the rumen appears to be to inhibit the protozoa (defaunation), which might increase the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis and protein flow to the duodenum. Furthermore, saponins may decrease methane production via defaunation and/or directly by decreasing the activities (i.e. rate of methanogenesis or expression of methane-producing genes) and numbers of methanogens. Saponins may also selectively affect specific rumen bacteria and fungi, which may alter the rumen metabolism beneficially or adversely. The ammonia-adsorption and modulation of digesta passage in the rumen by saponins have also been implicated in altering rumen metabolism, but their physiological responses are likely to be negligible compared with microbiological effects. The effects of saponins on rumen fermentation have not been found to be consistent. These discrepancies appear to be related to the chemical structure and dosage of saponins, diet composition, microbial community and adaptation of microbiota to saponins. There is need for systematic research based on chemical structures of saponins, nutrient composition of diets and their effects on rumen microbial ecosystem to obtain consistent results. The present paper reviews and discusses the effects and mode of action of saponins on microbial community and fermentation in the rumen, and ruminant performance.

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The ultrastructural damage of Eugenia zeyheri and Syzygium legatii acetone leaf extracts on pathogenic Escherichia coli

10.21203/rs.2.14518/v2 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Ibukun M. Famuyide ◽

Folorunso O. Fasina ◽

Jacobus Eloff ◽

Lyndy J. McGaw

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Mode Of Action ◽

Fluorescent Microscopy ◽

Prophylactic Antibiotic ◽

Feed Additives ◽

Cellular Damage ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Leaf Extracts ◽

E Coli ◽

Ultrastructural Damage

Abstract Background Antibiotics are commonly added to livestock feeds in sub-therapeutic doses as growth promoters and for prophylaxis against pathogenic microbes, especially those implicated in diarrhoea. While this practice has improved livestock production, it is a major cause of antimicrobial resistance in microbes against livestock and humans. This has led to the banning of prophylactic antibiotic use in animals in many countries. To compensate for this, alternatives have been sought from natural sources such as plants. While many studies have reported the antimicrobial activity of medicinal plants with potential for use as phytogenic/botanical feed additives, little information exists on their mode of action. This study is based on our earlier work and describes ultrastructural damage induced by acetone crude leaf extracts of Syzygium legatii and Eugenia zeyheri (Myrtaceae) active against diarrhoeagenic E. coli of swine origin using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and fluorescent microscopy (FM). Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to investigate the chemical composition of plant extracts.Results The extracts damaged the internal and external anatomy of the cytoplasmic membrane and inner structure at a concentration of 0.04 mg/mL. Extracts also led to an increased influx of propidium iodide into treated bacterial cells suggesting compromised cellular integrity and cellular damage. Non-polar compounds such as α-amyrin, friedelan-3-one, lupeol, and β-sitosterol were abundant in the extracts.Conclusions The extracts of S. legatii and E. zeyheri caused ultrastructural damage to E. coli cells characterized by altered external and internal morphology. These observations may assist in elucidating the mode of action of the extracts

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The Usefulness of Prebiotics and Probiotics in Modern Poultry Nutrition: a Review / Przydatność prebiotyków i probiotyków w nowoczesnym żywieniu drobiu – przegląd

Annals of Animal Science ◽

10.2478/v10220-012-0055-x ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 17-32 ◽

Cited By ~ 47

Author(s):

Mohamed Nabil Alloui ◽

Witold Szczurek ◽

Sylwester Świątkiewicz

Keyword(s):

Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Mode Of Action ◽

Mutual Effect ◽

Review Article ◽

Feed Additives ◽

Potential Mechanism ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Growth Promoting ◽

Poultry Nutrition ◽

Live Organism

Abstract A probiotic is a culture of live microorganisms that can manipulate and maintain a beneficial microflora in the gut. Prebiotics are nondigestible feed ingredients that can positively affect the animal organism by stimulating the activity and growth of beneficial native bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract and eliminate the pathogenic ones. Some studies have shown their beneficial effects when they have been used separately or simultaneously in the form of synbiotics, to obtain enhanced mutual effect. These supplements were proposed with success as alternatives to antibiotic growth-promoting feed additives but further studies are needed to better understand their mode of action and effects. This review article presents growing interest in using these antibiotic alternatives, the potential mechanism of their action in the live organism, and discusses some recent data on the effects of these supplements in poultry nutrition.

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Insights into the mode of action of tannin-based feed additives in broiler chickens: looking for connections with the plasma metabolome and caecal microbiota

Italian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1080/1828051x.2020.1842813 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 1349-1362

Author(s):

Giorgio Brugaletta ◽

Diana Luise ◽

Alessandra De Cesare ◽

Marco Zampiga ◽

Luca Laghi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mode Of Action ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Feed Additives ◽

Plasma Metabolome ◽

Caecal Microbiota

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The ultrastructural damage caused by Eugenia zeyheri and Syzygium legatii acetone leaf extracts on pathogenic Escherichia coli

10.21203/rs.2.14518/v3 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ibukun M. Famuyide ◽

Folorunso O. Fasina ◽

Jacobus Eloff ◽

Lyndy J. McGaw

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Mode Of Action ◽

Fluorescent Microscopy ◽

Prophylactic Antibiotic ◽

Feed Additives ◽

Cellular Damage ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Leaf Extracts ◽

E Coli ◽

Ultrastructural Damage

Abstract Background Antibiotics are commonly added to livestock feeds in sub-therapeutic doses as growth promoters and for prophylaxis against pathogenic microbes, especially those implicated in diarrhoea. While this practice has improved livestock production, it is a major cause of antimicrobial resistance in microbes against livestock and humans. This has led to the banning of prophylactic antibiotic use in animals in many countries. To compensate for this, alternatives have been sought from natural sources such as plants. While many studies have reported the antimicrobial activity of medicinal plants with potential for use as phytogenic/botanical feed additives, little information exists on their mode of action. This study is based on our earlier work and describes ultrastructural damage induced by acetone crude leaf extracts of Syzygium legatii and Eugenia zeyheri (Myrtaceae) active against diarrhoeagenic E. coli of swine origin using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and fluorescent microscopy (FM). Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to investigate the chemical composition of plant extracts.Results The extracts damaged the internal and external anatomy of the cytoplasmic membrane and inner structure at a concentration of 0.04 mg/mL. Extracts also led to an increased influx of propidium iodide into treated bacterial cells suggesting compromised cellular integrity and cellular damage. Non-polar compounds such as α-amyrin, friedelan-3-one, lupeol, and β-sitosterol were abundant in the extracts.Conclusions The extracts of S. legatii and E. zeyheri caused ultrastructural damage to E. coli cells characterized by altered external and internal morphology. These observations may assist in elucidating the mode of action of the extracts

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The ultrastructural damage of Eugenia zeyheri and Syzygium legatii acetone leaf extracts on pathogenic Escherichia coli

10.21203/rs.2.14518/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Ibukun M. Famuyide ◽

Folorunso O. Fasina ◽

Jacobus Eloff ◽

Lyndy J. McGaw

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Mode Of Action ◽

Fluorescent Microscopy ◽

Prophylactic Antibiotic ◽

Feed Additives ◽

Cellular Damage ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Leaf Extracts ◽

E Coli ◽

Ultrastructural Damage

Abstract Background: Antibiotics are commonly added to livestock feeds in sub-therapeutic doses as growth promoters and for prophylaxis against pathogenic microbes, especially those implicated in diarrhoea. While this practice has improved livestock production, it is a major cause of antimicrobial resistance in microbes against livestock and humans. This has led to the banning of prophylactic antibiotic use in animals in many countries. To compensate for this, alternatives have been sought from natural sources such as plants. While many studies have reported the antimicrobial activity of medicinal plants with potential for use as phytogenic/botanical feed additives, little information exists on their mode of action. This study is based on our earlier work and describes ultrastructural damage induced by acetone crude leaf extracts of Syzygium legatii and Eugenia zeyheri (Myrtaceae) active against diarrhoeagenic E. coli of swine origin using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and fluorescent microscopy (FM). Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to investigate the chemical composition of plant extracts.Results: The extracts damaged the internal and external anatomy of the cytoplasmic membrane and inner structure at a concentration of 0.04 mg/mL. Extracts also led to an increased influx of propidium iodide into treated bacterial cells suggesting compromised cellular integrity and cellular damage. Non-polar compounds such as α-amyrin, friedelan-3-one, lupeol, and β-sitosterol were abundant in the extracts.Conclusions: The extracts of S. legatii and E. zeyheri caused ultrastructural damage to E. coli cells characterized by altered external and internal morphology. These observations may assist in elucidating the mode of action of the extracts.

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