scholarly journals The Usefulness of Prebiotics and Probiotics in Modern Poultry Nutrition: a Review / Przydatność prebiotyków i probiotyków w nowoczesnym żywieniu drobiu – przegląd

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Nabil Alloui ◽  
Witold Szczurek ◽  
Sylwester Świątkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Mutual Effect ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Potential Mechanism ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Growth Promoting ◽  
Poultry Nutrition ◽  
Live Organism

Abstract A probiotic is a culture of live microorganisms that can manipulate and maintain a beneficial microflora in the gut. Prebiotics are nondigestible feed ingredients that can positively affect the animal organism by stimulating the activity and growth of beneficial native bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract and eliminate the pathogenic ones. Some studies have shown their beneficial effects when they have been used separately or simultaneously in the form of synbiotics, to obtain enhanced mutual effect. These supplements were proposed with success as alternatives to antibiotic growth-promoting feed additives but further studies are needed to better understand their mode of action and effects. This review article presents growing interest in using these antibiotic alternatives, the potential mechanism of their action in the live organism, and discusses some recent data on the effects of these supplements in poultry nutrition.

scholarly journals Organic acids in pig and poultry nutrition

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 51 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. A GIANNENAS (Η. ΓΙΑΝΝΕΝΑΣ)
Keyword(s):  
Organic Acids ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Proteolytic Enzymes ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Poultry Nutrition ◽  
Mucosal Morphology ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Interesting Alternative ◽  
The Eu

In this review article, the use of organic acids as feed additives is being examined in pig and poultry nutrition. The aim of this article was to evaluate the effect of organic acids and their salts on pig and poultry performance, to describe the organic acids used in animal nutrition, to discuss the route of administration and to investigate the mode of their action. The most widely used organic acids are formic, acetic, propionic, fumarie, citric, sorbic and butyric acid, and their salts as well. These organic acids are administered mainly through the feed, but they may be  administered through the drinking water as well. Successful utilization of organic acids in pig and poultry nutrition requires knowledge of their mode of action. It is generally accepted that organic acids and their salts lower feed and gastric pH, increasing the activity of proteolytic enzymes and, thus, improving protein digestion. Besides, they reduce the buffering capacity of the feeds, resulting in reduced intestinal colonization with pathogens. They also improve the apparent digestibility of proteins and amino acids, increase the absorption of minerals and affect the composition of intestinal microflora and mucosal morphology. Relevant experimentations suggest that the organic acids improve growth rate and feed efficiency ratio in weaned piglets and fattening pigs. Also, the organic acids improve the performance of broiler chickens when used in relatively high doses, whereas, in laying hens, they improve the absorption of macroelements, like phosphorus and calcium. The present article suggests that after the recent ban on the use of the antibiotic growth promoting substances by the EU, the use of organic acids in pig and poultry nutrition appears to be an interesting alternative. However, the effect of organic acids on performance of pigs and poultry varies considerably and, thus, further research is needed for a better understanding of the mode of action and the efficacy of these compounds.

Nucleosides and Nucleoside Analogues as Emerging Antiviral Drugs

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Ibrahim Elzagheid
Keyword(s):  
Significant Role ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antiviral Drugs ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Nucleoside Analogues ◽  
The Past ◽  
Nucleoside Drugs

: Nucleosides and their analogues have been in use for many years and have become essential for treating patients with viral infections. Many additional nucleoside drugs have been approved over the past decades. This strongly demonstrates how important these compounds are and the crucial role they play. Given that a significant amount of research and literature has been documented regarding nucleoside analogues, this review article mainly focuses the discussion on nucleosides and nucleoside analogous that have proven to play significant role or be emerging in the treatment of known viral infections. This covers the names, structures, applications, toxicity, and mode of action of relevant nucleoside analogues.

Microencapsulation: A Prospective to Protect Probiotics

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 891-899 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wissam Zam
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Health Benefits ◽  
Probiotic Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Host Health ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Selection Of

Probiotics are viable microorganisms widely used for their claimed beneficial effects on the host health. A wide number of researchers proved that the intake of probiotic bacteria has numerous health benefits which created a big market of probiotic foods worldwide. The biggest challenge in the development of these products is to maintain the viability of bacterial cells during the storage of the product as well as throughout the gastrointestinal tract transit after consumption, so that the claimed health benefits can be delivered to the consumer. Different approaches have been proposed for increasing the resistance of these sensitive microorganisms, including the selection of resistant strains, incorporation of micronutrients, and most recently the use of microencapsulation techniques. Microencapsulation has resulted in enhancing the viability of these microorganisms which allows its wide use in the food industry. In this review, the most common techniques used for microencapsulation of probiotics will be presented, as well as the most usual microcapsule shell materials.

A Conceptual Analysis of solid Self-emulsifying drug Delivery System and its Associate Patents for the Treatment of Cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neeraj Singh ◽  
Shweta Rai ◽  
Sankha Bhattacharya
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Drug Delivery System ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Ternary Phase Diagram ◽  
Review Article ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Systemic Absorption ◽  
Hydrophobic Drugs ◽  
Drug Bioavailability

Background: About two-third of new drugs reveal low solubility in water due to that; it becomes difficult for formulation scientists to develop oral solid dosage forms with a pharmaceutically acceptable range of therapeutic activity. In such cases, S-SMEEDS are the best carrier used universally for the delivery of hydrophobic drugs. SEDDS were also used, but due to its limitations, S-SMEDDS used widely. These are the isotropic mixtures of oils, co-solvents, and surfactants. S-SMEDDS are physically stable, easy to manufacture, easy to fill in gelatin capsules as well as improves the drug bioavailability by releasing the drug in the emulsion form to the gastrointestinal tract and make smooth absorption of the drug through the intestinal lymphatic pathway. Methods: We took on the various literature search related to our review, including the peer-reviewed research, and provided a conceptual framework to that. Standard tools are used for making the figures of the paper, and various search engines are used for the literature exploration.In this review article the author discussed the importance of S-SMEDDS, selection criteria for excipients, pseudo-ternary diagram, mechanism of action of S-SMEDDS, solidification techniques used for S-SMEDDS, Characterization of SEDDS and S-SMEDDS including Stability Evaluation of both and future prospect concluded through recent findings on S-SMEDDS on Cancer as well as a neoteric patent on S-SMEDDS Results: Many research papers discussed in this review article, from which it was found that the ternary phase diagram is the most crucial part of developing the SMEDDS. From the various research findings, it was found that the excipient selection is the essential step which decides the strong therapeutic effect of the formulation. The significant outcome related to solid-SMEDDS is less the globule size, higher would be the bioavailability. The adsorption of a solid carrier method is the most widely used method for the preparation of solid-SMEDDS. After review of many patents, it is observed that the solid-SMEDDS have a strong potential for targeting and treatment of a different type of Cancer due to their property to enhance permeation and increased bioavailability. Conclusion: S-SMEEDS are more acceptable pharmaceutically as compare to SEDDS due to various advantages over SEDDS viz stability issue is prevalent with SEDDS. A number of researchers had formulated S-SMEDDS of poorly soluble drugs and founded S-SMEDDS as prospective for the delivery of hydrophobic drugs for the treatment of Cancer. S-SMEEDS are grabbing attention, and the patentability on S-SMEDDS is unavoidable, these prove that S-SMEEDS are widely accepted carriers. These are used universally for the delivery of the hydrophilic drugs and anticancer drugs as it releases the drug to the gastrointestinal tract and enhances the systemic absorption. Abstract: Majority of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) shows poor aqueous solubility, due to that drug delivery of the API to the systemic circulation becomes difficult as it has low bioavailability. The bioavailability of the hydrophobic drugs can be improved by the Self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS) but due to its various limitations, solid self-micro emulsifying drug delivery systems (S-SMEDDS) are used due to its advantages over SEDDS. S-SMEDDS plays a vital role in improving the low bioavailability of poorly aqueous soluble drugs. Hydrophobic drugs can be easily loaded in these systems and release the drug to the gastrointestinal tract in the form of fine emulsion results to In-situ solubilisation of the drug. In this review article the author's gives an overview of the solid SMEDSS along with the solidification techniques and an update on recent research and patents filled for Solid SMEDDS.

scholarly journals Selected Alternative Feed Additives Used to Manipulate the Rumen Microbiome

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1542
Author(s):  
Marta Michalak ◽  
Konrad Wojnarowski ◽  
Paulina Cholewińska ◽  
Natalia Szeligowska ◽  
Marcel Bawej ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Digestive System ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Microbial Fermentation ◽  
Plant Origin ◽  
Gelidium Amansii ◽  
Alternative Feed ◽  
Rumen Microbiome ◽  
General Recognition

In recent years, a boost in the ruminant population has been observed, and consequently, an increase in the animals’ demand for nutrients and methane emissions. Methane emission is generated during the microbial fermentation of feed in the rumen, and a percentage even up to 12% of the energy obtained by this process can be wasted. In addition, the use of antibiotics in animal husbandry is being increasingly restricted. restricted. As a result, there is a continuous search for innovative feed additives that can serve as alternatives to antibiotics, and will also be safe for both people and the environment. In the present review article, additives were selected on basis that, according to studies conducted so far, may positively affect the microbiome of the digestive system by improving indicators and/or reducing methane production. Among them, probiotics, prebiotics or their combination—synbiotics are at the forefront of research. However, additives in the form of algae or plant origin are also gaining ground in popularity, such as essential oils, fermented wheat straw or Gelidium amansii, due to their general recognition as safe (GRAS) for both humans and environment.

scholarly journals Effects of Xylo-Oligosaccharides on Broiler Chicken Performance and Microbiota

2015 ◽  
Vol 81 (17) ◽  
pp. 5880-5888 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. De Maesschalck ◽  
V. Eeckhaut ◽  
L. Maertens ◽  
L. De Lange ◽  
L. Marchal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Hydrolytic Degradation ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Coa Transferase

ABSTRACTIn broiler chickens, feed additives, including prebiotics, are widely used to improve gut health and to stimulate performance. Xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) are hydrolytic degradation products of arabinoxylans that can be fermented by the gut microbiota. In the current study, we aimed to analyze the prebiotic properties of XOS when added to the broiler diet. Administration of XOS to chickens, in addition to a wheat-rye-based diet, significantly improved the feed conversion ratio. XOS significantly increased villus length in the ileum. It also significantly increased numbers of lactobacilli in the colon andClostridiumcluster XIVa in the ceca. Moreover, the number of gene copies encoding the key bacterial enzyme for butyrate production, butyryl-coenzyme A (butyryl-CoA):acetate CoA transferase, was significantly increased in the ceca of chickens administered XOS. In this group of chickens, at the species level,Lactobacillus crispatusandAnaerostipes butyraticuswere significantly increased in abundance in the colon and cecum, respectively.In vitrofermentation of XOS revealed cross-feeding betweenL. crispatusandA. butyraticus. Lactate, produced byL. crispatusduring XOS fermentation, was utilized by the butyrate-producingAnaerostipesspecies. These data show the beneficial effects of XOS on broiler performance when added to the feed, which potentially can be explained by stimulation of butyrate-producing bacteria through cross-feeding of lactate and subsequent effects of butyrate on gastrointestinal function.

scholarly journals Impact of Micronutrients on Hypertension: Evidence from Clinical Trials with a Special Focus on Meta-Analysis

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 588
Author(s):  
Hui-Fang Chiu ◽  
Kamesh Venkatakrishnan ◽  
Oksana Golovinskaia ◽  
Chin-Kun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Recommended Daily Allowance ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Daily Allowance ◽  
Regulation Of Blood Pressure ◽  
Morbid Conditions

Hypertension (HT) is one of the pivotal risk factors for various detrimental diseases like cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), cerebrovascular disease, and renal dysfunction. Currently, many researchers are paying immense attention to various diet formula (dietary approach) with a special focus on micro and macronutrients along with modified lifestyle and standard anti-hypertensive drugs. Micronutrients (minerals/vitamins) play a central role in the regulation of blood pressure (BP) as they aid the function of macronutrients and also improve the anti-hypertensive functions of some anti-hypertensive agents. Even though several studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of micronutrients on controlling BP, still some ambiguity exists among the nutritionists/doctors, which combination or individual mineral (dietary approach) contributes to better BP regulation. Therefore, this critical review article was attempted to delineate the underlying role of micronutrients (minerals and vitamins) for the management and prevention or delaying of HT and their related complications with strong affirmation from clinical trials as well as its mechanism of controlling BP. Moreover, the major source and recommended daily allowance (RDA) of various micronutrients are included in this review for guiding common readers (especially HT subjects) and dieticians to choose/recommend a better micronutrient and their combinations (other nutrients and standard anti-hypertensive drugs) for lowering the risk of HT and its related co-morbid conditions like CVDs.

scholarly journals Renoprotective Effects of DPP-4 Inhibitors

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 246
Author(s):  
Daiji Kawanami ◽  
Yuichi Takashi ◽  
Hiroyuki Takahashi ◽  
Ryoko Motonaga ◽  
Makito Tanabe
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Kidney Disease ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Glucose Lowering ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
Stage Renal Disease ◽  
End Stage

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide. Dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 inhibitors are widely used in the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). DPP-4 inhibitors reduce glucose levels by inhibiting degradation of incretins. DPP-4 is a ubiquitous protein with exopeptidase activity that exists in cell membrane-bound and soluble forms. It has been shown that an increased renal DPP-4 activity is associated with the development of DKD. A series of clinical and experimental studies showed that DPP-4 inhibitors have beneficial effects on DKD, independent of their glucose-lowering abilities, which are mediated by anti-fibrotic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidative stress properties. In this review article, we highlight the current understanding of the clinical efficacy and the mechanisms underlying renoprotection by DPP-4 inhibitors under diabetic conditions.

Herbs and phytogenic feed additives in poultry nutrition

2023 ◽  
Vol 77 (11) ◽  
pp. 6589-2023
Author(s):  
HALINA MAKAŁA
Keyword(s):  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
High Demand ◽  
Rearing Conditions ◽  
Poultry Nutrition ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Herbal Mixtures

The aim of the study was to review the results of scientific research on the effect of herbs and phytogenic feed additives used in poultry nutrition on animal welfare, breeding conditions, and the quality of meat. The article explains the importance of feed additives used in poultry nutrition. It discusses the role of herbs and phytogenic feed additives in nutrition in the context of the increasing demand for and consumption of poultry meat. The article also analyzes the influence of herbs and phytogenic feed additives on animal welfare, rearing conditions, and meat quality. The results of research on the effect of herbs and phytogenic feed additives used in poultry nutrition are not unequivocal. In view of the high demand for poultry meat, there is need for continued research on the optimal composition of herbal mixtures in nutrition to obtain good breeding conditions and high quality meat.

scholarly journals ОКРЕМІ СКЛАДОВІ ХІМУСУ ТА ЇХ ОБМІН В ОРГАНІЗМІ ПОРОСЯТ

2014 ◽  
pp. 71-76
Author(s):  
О. І. Мироненко
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Echinacea Purpurea ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Potassium Sodium

Вивчені особливості травлення у поросят післявідлучення, обґрунтовано використання окремих не-традиційних кормових добавок у раціонах поросят.Досліджено динаміку вмісту мінеральних елементів(кальцію, фосфору, калію, натрію, заліза) та їх обміну шлунково-кишковому тракті поросят під дієюокремих кормових добавок. Представлені результатидосліджень кормових добавок із сухого мінеральногоконцентрату, ліпроту та ехінацеї пурпурової з точкизору їх впливу на вміст у шлунку, порожній і клубовійкишках. The peculiarities of the digestive system in piglets after weaning, justified the use of certain non-conventional feed additives in the diets of pigs. The dynamics of the mineral elements (calcium, phosphorous, potassium, sodium, iron) and their metabolism in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs by the action of certain feed additives. The results of studies of dry feed additives mineral concentrate, Liprot and Echinacea purpurea in terms of their influence on the contents of the stomach empty and ileum.

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