Does troop size of wild Japanese macaques influence birth rate and infant mortality in the absence of predators?

Primates ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yukio Takahata ◽  
Shigeru Suzuki ◽  
Naobi Okayasu ◽  
Hideki Sugiura ◽  
Hiroyuki Takahashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
Japanese Macaques ◽  
Troop Size

Troop size, habitat quality, and home range area in Japanese macaques

1981 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 277-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Takasaki
Keyword(s):  
Home Range ◽  
Habitat Quality ◽  
Japanese Macaques ◽  
Troop Size

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF MORBIDITY AND CAUSES OF INFANT MORTALITY IN POLTAVA

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (5) ◽  
pp. 1136-1139
Author(s):  
Tetiana V. Pluzhnikova ◽  
Oksana I. Krasnovа ◽  
Svitlana S. Kasinets ◽  
Svitlana M. Tanyanskaya ◽  
Natalia V. Yaroshenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
National Health System ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Quality Health Care ◽  
Absolute Increase ◽  
Pediatric Service ◽  
The City

Introduction: Providing high-quality health care to the newborn is part of the national health system. The number of healthy children in Ukraine decreases annually. One of the main directions of development of the pediatric service is reduction of indicators of child mortality, increase of birth rate and strengthening of children’s health. The aim: To analyze the dynamics of morbidity and causes of infant mortality in the city of Poltava. Materials and methods: Medical and statistical - for collecting, processing and analyzing data, (descriptive and analytical statistics for determining relative indicators, absolute growth indicators), a systems approach and system analysis. Review: According to a study in the city of Poltava, there is a negative absolute increase in the birth rate of children. In the structure of the causes of death of the child population in the first place are the diseases of the period of birth of the newborn, in the second place - congenital anomalies of development. The third place in the structure of causes of death is occupied by diseases of the central nervous system. There is a clear decrease in the incidence of hemolytic disease, anemia, cardiac disorders, intrauterine hypoxia and asphyxiation. In the structure of birth injuries in newborns occupy closed clavicle fractures, plexitis of the newborn. Conclusions: Analysis of the incidence and causes of infant mortality in the city of Poltava suggests that in recent years there has been a decrease in fertility rates, an increase in morbidity rates. The reform should be aimed at improving the state of the pediatric service and the prevention of preterm labor.

PUBLIC HEALTH, NURSING AND MEDICAL SOCIAL WORK

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1952 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 515-516
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
National Office ◽  
History Of ◽  
Health Nursing ◽  
One Year

ON THE basis of provisional data it appears that infant mortality in the United States has continued to improve in 1951, despite the fact that the birth rate has gone up again. The National Office of Vital Statistics, Public Health Service, has published in the Monthly Vital Statistics Bulletin for February 1952 an analysis of the telegraphic reports received from the various states for the year 1951. While the data are subject to correction [See Figure 1. in Source PDF.] and final figures will almost surely result in slight revisions, previous experience indicates that the general trend is quite accurate. Figure 1 presents the month by month comparison, throughout the year, for birth rate, death rate, and infant mortality rate. Marriage license rate is shown through November 1951. It will be noted that in every month of the year the birth rate was higher than in the corresponding month of 1950. The annual rate was 24.5 per 1000 population, 4.3% higher than in 1950 but 5% lower than the peak birth rate reached in 1947. Taking into account an estimate for births which were not reported it is thought that 3,833,000 births took place in 1951. This is the greatest number of births in one year in the history of our country.

Annual Summary of Vital Statistics—1995

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 98 (6) ◽  
pp. 1007-1019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard Guyer ◽  
Donna M. Strobino ◽  
Stephanie J. Ventura ◽  
Marian MacDorman ◽  
Joyce A. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Preliminary Data ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Live Births

Recent trends in the vital statistics of the United States continued in 1995, including decreases in the number of births, the birth rate, the age-adjusted death rate, and the infant mortality rate; life expectancy at birth increased to a level equal to the record high of 75.8 years in 1992. Marriages and divorces both decreased. An estimated 3 900 089 infants were born during 1995, a decline of 1% from 1994. The preliminary birth rate for 1995 was 14.8 live births per 1000 total population, a 3% decline, and the lowest recorded in nearly two decades. The fertility rate, which relates births to women in the childbearing ages, declined to 65.6 live births per 1000 women 15 to 44 years old, the lowest rate since 1986. According to preliminary data for 1995, fertility rates declined for all racial groups with the gap narrowing between black and white rates. The fertility rate for black women declined 7% to a historic low level (71.7); the preliminary rate for white women (64.5) dropped just 1%. Fertility rates continue to be highest for Hispanic, especially Mexican-American, women. Preliminary data for 1995 suggest a 2% decline in the rate for Hispanic women to 103.7. The birth rate for teenagers has now decreased for four consecutive years, from a high of 62.1 per 1000 women 15 to 19 years old in 1991 to 56.9 in 1995, an overall decline of 8%. The rate of childbearing by unmarried mothers dropped 4% from 1994 to 1995, from 46.9 births per 1000 unmarried women 15 to 44 years old to 44.9, the first decline in the rate in nearly two decades. The proportion of all births occurring to unmarried women dropped as well in 1995, to 32.0% from 32.6% in 1994. Smoking during pregnancy dropped steadily from 1989 (19.5%) to 1994 (14.6%), a decline of about 25%. Prenatal care utilization continued to improve in 1995 with 81.2% of all mothers receiving care in the first trimester compared with 78.9% in 1993. Preliminary data for 1995 suggests continued improvement to 81.2%. The percent of infants delivered by cesarean delivery declined slightly to 20.8% in 1995. The percent of low birth weight (LBW) infants continued to climb in 1994 rising to 7.3%, from 7.2% in 1993. The proportion of LBW improved slightly among black infants, declining from 13.3% to 13.2% between 1993 and 1994. Preliminary figures for 1995 suggest continued decline in LBW for black infants (13.0%). The multiple birth ratio rose to 25.7 per 1000 births for 1994, an increase of 2% over 1993 and 33% since 1980. Age-adjusted death rates in 1995 were lower for heart disease, malignant neoplasms, accidents, and homicide. Although the total number of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection deaths increased slightly from 42 114 in 1994 to an estimated 42 506 in 1995, the age-adjusted death rate for HIV infection did not increase, which may indicate a leveling off of the steep upward trend in mortality from HIV infection since 1987. Nearly 15 000 children between the ages of 1-14 years died in the United States (US) in 1995. The death rate for children 1 to 4 years old in 1995 was 40.4 per 100 000 population aged 1 to 4 years, 6% lower than the rate of 42.9 in 1994. The 1995 death rate for 5-to 14-year-olds was 22.1,2% lower than the rate of 22.5 in 1994. Since 1979, death rates have declined by 37% for children 1 to 4 years old, and by 30% for children 5 to 14 years old. For children 1 to 4 years old, the leading cause of death was injuries, which accounted for an estimated 2277 deaths in 1995, 36% of all deaths in this age group. Injuries were the leading cause of death for 5-to 14-year-olds as well, accounting for an even higher percentage (41%) of all deaths. In 1995, the preliminary infant mortality rate was 7.5 per 1000 live births, 6% lower than 1994, and the lowest ever recorded in the US. The decline occurred for neonatal as well as postneonatal mortality rates, and among white and black infants alike. Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) rates have dropped precipitously since 1992, when the American Academy of Pediatrics issued recommendations that infants be placed on their backs or sides to sleep to reduce the risk of SIDS. SIDS dropped to the third leading cause of infant death in 1994, after being the second leading cause of death since 1980. Infant mortality rates (IMRs) have also declined rapidly for respiratory distress syndrome since 1989, concurrent with the widespread availability of new treatments for this condition.

Birth rate, infant mortality, abortion in recent years in various nations

2005 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ermenegildo Spaziante
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Social Commitment ◽  
Physical Trauma ◽  
The Right ◽  
High Level ◽  
First Year Of Life

Nel quadro delle attuali problematiche concernenti la considerazione e la tutela della vita umana sin dal suo insorgere, l’Autore ha esaminato e comparato tre specifici aspetti statistici concernenti i fondamentali parametri della natalità, della mortalità infantile (nel primo anno di vita), la abortività indotta legalmente registrata, per una duplice coorte di Nazioni, l’una costitutita da venti Nazioni di livello socio-economico più elevato, l’altra relativa a venti Nazioni con sviluppo meno elevato, limitando il secondo gruppo ai primi due parametri, stante la diffusa difficoltà di collezionare dati attendibili per quanto concerne la abortività. Per le Nazioni del primo gruppo l’indagine ha prescelto quegli Stati che abitualmente pubblicano i dati statistici degli aborti legali. La comparazione fra i due termini di tempo, a distanza generalmente di quindici anni, consente un quadro abbastaza significativo delle rispettive incidense. La natalità è in via di progressivo e diffuso contenimento, sia pure con varia intensità. La mortalità infantile evidenzia la grande diversità delle situazioni e delle prospettive per la riduzione delle perdite di giovani vite, in rapporto anche con gli aspetti sociali, organizzativi e scientifici della sanità. L’abortività legalmente autorizzata e registrata nelle Nazioni più sviluppate presenta una grande diversità di incidenza statistica, anche nel tempo, e, piiù di recente, probabilmente in rapporto con le più recenti modalità di attuazione, che inducono alla interruzione della vita nascente anche fuori dell’ambiente ospedaliero ed in tempi sempre più precoci, con un crescente rilievo biologico, ma non meno importante per le implicazioni etiche. ---------- The review of the statistical data, comparing the two extremities of the time span considered (for the MDC 1984 and 2000, for the LDC 1982 and 2000), has brought into evidence some significant indications: a) The birth rate is generally in widespread decrease in the first group. The drop is more noted in Russia, Poland, Bulgaria as well as Japan, Canada and Romania. In three nations however is an inversion of this tendency, in varying degrees in Denmark, Norway, Netherlands. In the l.d.c., the drop birth rate is high in some (Iran, Algeria, Morocco, Zimbabwe, Ghana, Bolivia). In others it is less marked (Mali, Uganda, Ethiopia). b) Infant mortality in the MDC is always more restained, the level emphasizes both the greater healht and social commitment and the scientific progress. In the LDC there is a great difference between those countries that have archieved a laudable progress in the control of this parameter (such as Bolivia, Senegal, Iran, Libya), even though not at the level of the MDC, and those countries where there is a high level of infant mortality, immediately after birth and in the first year of life, that is still very distant from usual, more normal levels of acceptability… and therefore with a high sociological significance that should provoke help from the luckier nations… c) With regard to provoked abortion that is legal and recorded, the statistics emphasize a disparity in the situation and the progression. In the nations of the former Soviet block that had highest levels of abortion, generally there is a drop in the rate although the parameter remains high. In the nations that were not under Marxist rule, generally the abortion rate remains more restained, with a few exceptions; despite this there are elements that lead to the new methods of pregnancy interruption outside of hospital structures and a more widespread use of contraception methods. From the group of indications that can be draw from the statistical data examined, it would seem desirable that there be an increase in conscience and there is a necessity of the promotion of a better culture and a more widespread diffusion of the ethics that surround the defence of the new life coming into being. This should become a fundamental objective of civilization, for a greater accettaption and the right for better protection of human beings at the beginning of life, and more high consideration for the suffering that accompanies not only infant mortality, but also abortion, in the preliminary decision of the woman (not always made freely!) and in the act of abortion itself, with the psychological, pathological and physical trauma that it incurs, that may remain in the memory of the woman as a shocking experience. It is therefore a problem essentially of humanity and civilization, that should be undertaken by the community in a framework that aims to extenuate the serious multiple factors of human existence and pain.

PUBLIC HEALTH, NURSING AND MEDICAL SOCIAL WORK

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1949 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 702-703
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Central Line ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Health Nursing ◽  
Mortality Analysis

THERE are reprinted below certain charts from two publications of the National Office of Vital Statistics in the U. S. Public Health Service, FSA, "Monthly Vital Statistics Index" and "Current Mortality Analysis." From the former are the trends in birth rate and infant mortality rate. These are based on provisional data and may be subject to slight change when final figures are available. Birth rates are per 1000 estimated population excluding armed forces overseas; infant mortality rates are per 1000 live births, adjusted for the changing number of births. Attention is called to the persisting high birth rate and the gratifying continuing fall in infant mortality. [See Figure in Source Pdf] The variation charts (p. 703), from Current Mortality Analysis, are printed to indicate the present day seasonal changes in these diseases as well as to show the extent of the differences which may usually be expected from one year to the next. Although the charts are based on a 10% sample it may be expected that in general they come close to describing the actual situation in the country at large. It should be noted that the data represent death rates as reported on death certificates and therefore reflect only indirectly the prevalence of the disease. The three components of the variation charts are: (1) the dots which represent the values of the monthly death rates observed from the sample, (2) the central line which represents the expected death rate for a given cause of death in a particular area and (3) the shaded band above and below the central line.

Morbilità e Mortalità nella Prole di 300 Coppie di Coniugi Consanguinei nel Comune di Firenze

1970 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 515-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Bigozzi ◽  
C. Conti ◽  
R. Guazzelli ◽  
E. Montali ◽  
F. Salti
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Early Mortality ◽  
Mental Development ◽  
Average Increase ◽  
Family Investigation ◽  
Social Level

SummaryA family investigation has been carried out on 301 consanguineous and the same number of nonconsanguineous couples, who married in Florence in the years 1939 through 1958. The sample turned out to be homogeneous as regards age of the couple, year of marriage, period of cohabitation, social level, and methods of survey.The average rate of consanguinity in Florence in the above years was of 0.458 × 10−3, with a decrease from 0.595 to 0.327 × 10−3 between the first and the second decade.While the number of pregnancies is not significantly different in the two groups, abortions are more frequent among blood relatives. As a result, the number of stillbirths being not significantly different, the birth rate is higher among the controls. Infant mortality is more than double in blood relatives. As regards morbidity, hereditary defects or anomalies show an average increase of 2.6 times in the offspring of blood relatives: the increase being higher for serious hereditary defects (3.44) than for lighter ones (1.98). The finding of slight delays in mental development was 4.8 times more frequent in the offspring of blood relatives.By applying Morton-Crow-Muller's formula, it was possible to calculate the A and B values, and to find out, in the observed population, the presence of 2.2-2.4 pathological gene equivalents per gamete as to early mortality (abortions + stillbirths + infant mortality); 1.6-1.7 gene equivalents as to hereditary defects in general; and 0.82-0.85 gene equivalents as to slight delays in mental development.

RECENT BIRTH-RATE AND INFANT MORTALITY IN THE LARGEST ENGLISH TOWNS.

The Lancet ◽  
1910 ◽  
Vol 175 (4521) ◽  
pp. 1151
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Birth Rate

INFANT MORTALITY AND THE BIRTH-RATE.

The Lancet ◽  
1915 ◽  
Vol 186 (4801) ◽  
pp. 556-557
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Birth Rate
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