scholarly journals Fecal nitrogen as an index of dietary nitrogen in two sika deerCervus nippon populations

2007 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mayumi Ueno ◽  
Chiho Nishimura ◽  
Hiroshi Takahashi ◽  
Koichi Kaji ◽  
Takashi Saitoh
Keyword(s):  
Fecal Nitrogen ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen

scholarly journals Proxy Measures and Novel Strategies for Estimating Nitrogen Utilisation Efficiency in Dairy Cattle

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 343
Author(s):  
Anna Lavery ◽  
Conrad Ferris
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Isotope Analysis ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Nitrogen Isotope ◽  
Invasive Technique ◽  
Infrared Analysis ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Utilisation ◽  
Utilisation Efficiency

The efficiency with which dairy cows convert dietary nitrogen (N) to milk N is generally low (typically 25%). As a result, much of the N consumed is excreted in manure, from which N can be lost to the environment. Therefore there is increasing pressure to reduce N excretion and improve N use efficiency (NUE) on dairy farms. However, assessing N excretion and NUE on farms is difficult, thus the need to develop proximate measures that can provide accurate estimates of nitrogen utilisation. This review examines a number of these proximate measures. While a strong relationship exists between blood urea N and urinary N excretion, blood sampling is an invasive technique unsuitable for regular herd monitoring. Milk urea N (MUN) can be measured non-invasively, and while strong relationships exist between dietary crude protein and MUN, and MUN and urinary N excretion, the technique has limitations. Direct prediction of NUE using mid-infrared analysis of milk has real potential, while techniques such as near-infrared spectroscopy analysis of faeces and manure have received little attention. Similarly, techniques such as nitrogen isotope analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of urine, and breath ammonia analysis may all offer potential in the future, but much research is still required.

Ammonia and urea toxicoses in sheep and their relation to dietary nitrogen intake

1970 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Morris ◽  
E. Payne
Keyword(s):  
Urea Cycle ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Ammonium Salts ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Similar Time ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Amino Butyric Acid ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Intake

SUMMARYThe intravenous (i.v.) infusion of solutions of ammonium salts into sheep produced a toxic condition in which the clinical signs, pathological findings and concentrations of ammonia in the venous blood were comparable with those found in urea poisoning, provided that the urea and ammonia toxicoses were induced over similar time intervals. Our results indicate that urea toxicosis in ruminants is due to the toxic effects of ammonia. Although the clinical signs resulting from the i.v. infusion of ammonium chloride, acetate and hydroxide showed some relationship to the basicity of the compounds, alkalosis did not appear to be a necessary prerequisite for ammonia toxicosis.The tolerances of sheep to orally administered urea and i.v. infused ammonium salt solutionswere shown to be positively related to dietary nitrogen intake. These results and the observations reported by Payne & Morris (1969) that the concentrations of urea-cycle enzymes per unit of liver tissue were markedly affected by dietary nitrogen intake suggest that supplementation of ruminants grazing low-protein pastures with urea, occurs at a time when their tolerances to an over-dose of urea are minimal.The i.v. administration of arginine and of y-amino butyric acid plus glucose did not appear to be of practical value in preventing urea poisoning.

NITROGEN UTILIZATION IN CALORIC INSUFFICIENCY

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1953 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 435-448
Author(s):  
WARREN M. COX ◽  
RUDOLPH C. ELLINGSON ◽  
A. J. MUELLER
Keyword(s):  
Protein Hydrolysate ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Nitrogen Utilization ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Protein Loss ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
New Protein ◽  
Normal Stock

To determine whether a portion of ingested protein can be used for tissue growth when insufficient calories were fed, isocaloric and suboptimal amounts of calories in the form of dextrose or as dextrose and protein hydrolysate (amigen®) were fed to protein-depleted, partially starved, scalded and normal stock rats together with adequate vitamins and minerals. It is concluded that: 1. The greater the need for protein, the greater is the utilization of ingested nitrogen for new protein synthesis under conditions of caloric limitation. Protein-depleted rats are able to build new protein tissue even when basal energy requirements are not completely supplied. 2. Protein depleted, partially starved, scalded and stock animals retain or gain more weight when fed adequate or suboptimal quantities of the hydrolysate-dextrose diet than when fed isocaloric quantities of the dextrose diet. 3. Stock animals with no pre-existing protein loss, and in good nutritive condition, do not utilize dietary nitrogen for tissue building when the caloric intake is suboptimal. 4. When the caloric intake is less than that required to meet the estimated basal energy needs, a diet supplying approximately 20% of the calories as protein supported better growth than those supplying more or less than this amount.

The effect of nitrogen source on the in vitro cellulose digestion of chemically treated oat straw and poplar wood

1974 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 571-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. O. A. Adeleye ◽  
W. D. Kitts
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Hydroxide ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Energy Fraction ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Microbial Nitrogen ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Micro Organisms

The gross energy of forages can be classified into three fractions, namely the unavailable fraction, the digestible energy fraction and the potentially digestible energy (PDE) fraction. The PDE fraction can only be made available by appropriate treatment and supplementation (Pigden & Heaney, 1969). In young forages the PDE fraction is relatively insignificant, but as the plant matures, the PDE fraction increases very rapidly. By treating matured forages with delignifying agents, increased nutrient digestibilities have been demonstrated Chandra & Jackson, 1971; Wilson & Pigden, 1964), but no significant improvement on the voluntary intake was achieved unless the treated material was supplemented with a source of nitrogen (Donefer, Adeleye & Jones, 1969). While Zafren (1960) used ammonium hydroxide (NH40H) as the treatment alkali, with the claim that the ammonium acetate resulting from the neutralization of the excess alkali could serve as an extra source of nitrogen in the treated straw, other investigators (Donefer et al. 1969) have adopted the method of supplementing the treated straw with a source of nitrogen. Since the efficiency with which dietary nitrogen is converted to microbial nitrogen in the rumen has a considerable influence on the efficiency the animal as a whole, studies herein reported were carried out to test the effectiveness with which rumen micro-organisms utilize different nitrogen sources in degrading cellulose in vitro.

Energy nutrients modulate the splanchnic sequestration of dietary nitrogen in humans: a compartmental analysis

2001 ◽  
Vol 281 (2) ◽  
pp. E248-E260 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Fouillet ◽  
C. Gaudichon ◽  
F. Mariotti ◽  
C. Bos ◽  
J. F. Huneau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Compartmental Model ◽  
Compartmental Analysis ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Amino Acid Availability ◽  
Nutritional Conditions ◽  
Dietary Amino Acid ◽  
Single Meal ◽  
Peripheral Areas ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Insight Into

We used a previously developed compartmental model to assess the postprandial distribution and metabolism of dietary nitrogen (N) in the splanchnic and peripheral areas after the ingestion of a single meal containing milk protein either alone (MP) or with additional sucrose (SMP) or fat (FMP). The addition of fat was predicted to enhance splanchnic dietary N anabolism only transiently, without significantly affecting the global kinetics of splanchnic retention and peripheral uptake. In contrast, the addition of sucrose, which induced hyperinsulinemia, was predicted to enhance dietary N retention and anabolism in the splanchnic bed, thus leading to reduced peripheral dietary amino acid availability and anabolism. The incorporation of dietary N into splanchnic proteins was thus predicted to reach 18, 24, and 35% of ingested N 8 h after MP, FMP, and SMP, respectively. Such a model provides insight into the dynamics of the system in the nonsteady postprandial state and constitutes a useful, explanatory tool to determine the region-specific utilization of dietary N under different nutritional conditions.

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