The effect of nitrogen source on the in vitro cellulose digestion of chemically treated oat straw and poplar wood

1974 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 571-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. O. A. Adeleye ◽  
W. D. Kitts
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Hydroxide ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Energy Fraction ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Microbial Nitrogen ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Micro Organisms

The gross energy of forages can be classified into three fractions, namely the unavailable fraction, the digestible energy fraction and the potentially digestible energy (PDE) fraction. The PDE fraction can only be made available by appropriate treatment and supplementation (Pigden & Heaney, 1969). In young forages the PDE fraction is relatively insignificant, but as the plant matures, the PDE fraction increases very rapidly. By treating matured forages with delignifying agents, increased nutrient digestibilities have been demonstrated Chandra & Jackson, 1971; Wilson & Pigden, 1964), but no significant improvement on the voluntary intake was achieved unless the treated material was supplemented with a source of nitrogen (Donefer, Adeleye & Jones, 1969). While Zafren (1960) used ammonium hydroxide (NH40H) as the treatment alkali, with the claim that the ammonium acetate resulting from the neutralization of the excess alkali could serve as an extra source of nitrogen in the treated straw, other investigators (Donefer et al. 1969) have adopted the method of supplementing the treated straw with a source of nitrogen. Since the efficiency with which dietary nitrogen is converted to microbial nitrogen in the rumen has a considerable influence on the efficiency the animal as a whole, studies herein reported were carried out to test the effectiveness with which rumen micro-organisms utilize different nitrogen sources in degrading cellulose in vitro.

Integration of in vitro parameters by mechanistic modelling to predict recycling of microbial nitrogen in the rumen

1998 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 158-160
Author(s):  
J. Dijkstra ◽  
J. France ◽  
S. Tamminga
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Protein ◽  
Protein Breakdown ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Evaluation Systems ◽  
Microbial Nitrogen ◽  
Substrate Conversion ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Protein Supply

In protein evaluation systems for ruminants, the microbial protein supply is calculated from the amounts of rumen degradable organic matter and nitrogen (N) using empirical equations. A variable part of the rumen synthesized microbial protein does not reach the duodenum but is recycled within the rumen (review Firkins, 1996). Since energy is required for its re-synthesis and degraded microbial protein is subject to deamination, the efficiency of substrate conversion into microbial protein in the rumen is affected by microbial recycling. Rumen protozoa have a major impact upon this recycling through engulfment of micro-organisms and autolysis. In vitro, bacterial protein breakdown is proportionately reduced by some 0·9 upon removal of protozoa (Wallace and McPherson, 1987). Defaunation of the rumen increases the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis in vivo significantly (review Jouany et al., 1988).

scholarly journals Effects of Optimal Carbohydrase Mixtures on Nutrient Digestibility and Digestible Energy of Corn- and Wheat-Based Diets in Growing Pigs

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1846
Author(s):  
Shunfen Zhang ◽  
Ruqing Zhong ◽  
Lixiang Gao ◽  
Zhengqun Liu ◽  
Liang Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
In Vitro Method ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Gross Energy

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of optimal carbohydrase mixture (OCM) on macronutrients and amino acid digestibility and the digestible energy (DE) in growing pigs fed the corn-soybean meal-based diet (CSM) and the wheat-soybean meal-based diet (WSM). A total of 36 ileal-cannulated pigs (50.9 ± 4.9 kg initial body weight) were allotted to four dietary treatments randomly, which included CSM and WSM diets, and two diets supplied with corresponding OCM. These OCMs were screened using an in vitro method from our previous study. After the five day adaptation period, fecal samples were collected from d six to seven, and ileal digesta samples were collected on d 8 and 10. Chromic oxide was added as an indigestible marker. The results show that the addition of OCM improved the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of dry matter (DM), ash, carbohydrate (CHO), neutral detergent fiber, and gross energy (GE) and the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of DM, CHO, and GE in CSM diet (p < 0.05), but reduced the apparent hindgut disappearance (AHD) of DM in CSM diet (p < 0.05). The ATTD of DM, crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), ash, and GE and the AHD of DM, CP, EE, ash, CHO, and GE in WSM diet were improved by the OCM addition (p < 0.05), whereas the AID of DM, CP, ash, CHO, and GE were decreased (p < 0.05). The respective DE contents in CSM and WSM diets were increased from 15.45 to 15.74 MJ/kg and 15.03 to 15.49 MJ/kg under the effects of OCM (p < 0.05). Similar to the trend of AID of CP, the OCM addition increased the AID and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of Ile, Thr, and Cys in CSM diet, but decreased the AID and SID of Ile, Phe, Thr, Val, Ala, Pro, Ser, and Tyr in WSM diet. In conclusion, the OCMs screened by an in vitro method could improve the total tract nutrient digestibility and DE for pigs fed corn-based diet or wheat-based diet but had inconsistent effects on the ileal digestibility of nutrients and energy.

scholarly journals Estimating digestible energy values of feeds and diets and integrating those values into net energy systems

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 953-961 ◽  
Author(s):  
William P Weiss ◽  
Alexander W Tebbe
Keyword(s):  
Energy System ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Nutrient Analysis ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Important Variation ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Gross Energy

Abstract The California Net Energy System (CNES) used a combination of measured and tabular metabolizable energy (ME) values and changes in body composition gain to determine net energy requirements for maintenance and gain and their corresponding dietary concentrations. The accuracy of the CNES depends on the accuracy of the feed ME values. Feed or diet ME values can be measured directly but are expensive and require specialized facilities; therefore, most ME values are estimated from digestible energy (DE) values, which are often estimated from the concentration of total digestible nutrients (TDN). Both DE and TDN values are often from tables and not based on actual nutrient analysis. The use of tabular values eliminates important within-feed variation in composition and digestibility. Furthermore, the use of TDN to estimate DE does not account for important variation in the gross energy value of feeds. A better approach would be to estimate DE concentration directly from nutrient composition or in vitro (or in situ) digestibility measurements. This approach incorporates within-feed variation into the energy system and eliminates the issues of using TDN. A widely used summative equation based on the commonly measured feed fractions (ash, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and fat) has been shown to accurately estimate DE concentrations of many diets for cattle; however, deficiencies in that equation have been identified and include an overestimation of DE provided by fat and an exaggerated negative effect of intake on digestibility. Replacing the nonfiber carbohydrate term (which included everything that was not measured) in the equation with measured starch concentration and residual organic matter (i.e., nonfiber carbohydrate minus starch) should improve accuracy by accounting for more variation in starch digestibility. More accurate estimates of DE will improve the accuracy of ME values, which will ultimately lead to more accurate NE values.

CONTRIBUTION OF STEMS AND LEAVES TO THE COMPOSITION AND NUTRIENT CONTENT OF IRRIGATED BROMEGRASS AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 767-771 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. KILCHER ◽  
J. E. TROELSEN
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Boot Stage ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Gross Energy

Irrigated bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) at Swift Current, Saskatchewan, was sampled for 14 consecutive wk. Quantitative and qualitative measurements at each sampling included yield, crude protein, cell wall lignin, gross energy, and in vitro digestible energy content of leaves and stems. Dry matter yields increased steadily to 8,500 kg/ha at flowering. Proportion of leaves by weight decreased to about 40% at maturity. Crude protein content of leaves from the boot stage onward remained 10–12 percentage points higher than that of stems. Cell wall lignin content approached 75% in stems with advancing maturity, whereas in leaves it did not exceed 60%. Digestible energy content of leaves declined to 57% at maturity, and that of stems declined to 34%. For whole plant harvesting for hay there was a 2-wk period from headed out to mid-bloom where nutrient energy yields were nearly constant.

scholarly journals Feeding Value of Canna edulis Roots for Pigs

1969 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-274
Author(s):  
J. Le Dividich
Keyword(s):  
Pancreatic Juice ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Feeding Value

Canna edulis roots grown in Guadeloupe were analyzed by proximate composition. The in vitro α-amylolysis of the canna starch was evaluated by the quantitative determination of the enzymatic hydrolysis products of starch with piglet pancreatic juice. The digestibility and the digestible energy content of canna roots for 55-kg pigs were determined by the addition method in a study using four pigs individually fed in metabolism crates. The studies were made on roots either raw or cooked in boiling water for 30 minutes. Raw and cooked canna roots were found to contain (on dry weight basis) 81.0 and 75.6% starch, 6.0 and 13.9% alcohol soluble sugars and 3.7 and 3.4% crude protein, respectively. In vitro, less than 2% of raw canna starch was digested within two hours by the piglet pancreatic juice vs. more than 90% when cooked. In the pigs, the apparent digestibility of raw and cooked canna roots was 79.2 and 88.9% for dry matter and 76.0 and 87.6% for gross energy, respectively. Raw and cooked canna roots supplied 2,940 and 3,467 kcal digestible energy per kg (dry-matter basis), respectively.

Effects of synchronising dietary nitrogen and energy supply in diets with a similar carbohydrate composition on rumen fermentation and microbial protein synthesis in sheep

1993 ◽  
Vol 1993 ◽  
pp. 111-111
Author(s):  
L. A. Sinclair ◽  
P. C. Garnsworthy ◽  
J. R. Newbold ◽  
P. J. Buttery
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Carbohydrate Composition ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Rumen Microbes ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Microbial Nitrogen ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Micro Organisms

The recently introduced metabolisable protein system for ruminants (Webster 1992) relates microbial nitrogen production to daily supply of fermentable metabolisable energy and effective rumen degradable protein but does not consider the effect of the pattern of supply of nutrients to rumen microbes on their efficiency and growth. However, synchronising the hourly supply of nitrogen and energy yielding substrates to rumen micro-organisms has been shown to increase the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis (Sinclair et al. 1993). The objective of the current experiment was to examine the effects of synchronising the hourly supply of energy and nitrogen in diets with a similar carbohydrate composition but differing in the rate of protein degradation, on rumen fermentation and microbial protein synthesis in sheep.

Diabetes and Heart Failure: Is it Hyperglycemia or Hyperinsulinemia?

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Triantafyllos Didangelos ◽  
Konstantinos Kantartzis
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Insulin Treatment ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Treatment Of Diabetes

The cardiac effects of exogenously administered insulin for the treatment of diabetes (DM) have recently attracted much attention. In particular, it has been questioned whether insulin is the appropriate treatment for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and heart failure. While several old and some new studies suggested that insulin treatment has beneficial effects on the heart, recent observational studies indicate associations of insulin treatment with an increased risk of developing or worsening of pre-existing heart failure and higher mortality rates. However, there is actually little evidence that the associations of insulin administration with any adverse outcomes are causal. On the other hand, insulin clearly causes weight gain and may also cause serious episodes of hypoglycemia. Moreover, excess of insulin (hyperinsulinemia), as often seen with the use of injected insulin, seems to predispose to inflammation, hypertension, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, heart failure, and arrhythmias. Nevertheless, it should be stressed that most of the data concerning the effects of insulin on cardiac function derive from in vitro studies with isolated animal hearts. Therefore, the relevance of the findings of such studies for humans should be considered with caution. In the present review, we summarize the existing data about the potential positive and negative effects of insulin on the heart and attempt to answer the question whether any adverse effects of insulin or the consequences of hyperglycemia are more important and may provide a better explanation of the close association of DM with heart failure.

scholarly journals DIGESTIBLE ENERGY IN FORAGE BYIN VIVOANDIN VITROASSAYS

1970 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 557-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. TROELSEN
Keyword(s):  
Energy Analysis ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
In Vitro Assay ◽  
Pure Species ◽  
Vitro Assay ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Cattle And Sheep

Forage of six pure species was harvested for hay at several maturity stages during four years. The digestible energy content of 102 different lots of hay was determined by feeding to four groups of sheep during the same period, and by in vitro digestions and energy analysis of the undigested residues. The relationship between digestible energy content assayed by the two methods was highly significant (r = 0.85) and did not differ between years and species. Exclusion from regression of the hays containing less than 2 or more than 3 digestible kcal/g revealed that the in vitro assay could reproduce the in vivo digestible energy value with a standard deviation of 0.31 in over 70% of the hays. This represented the maturity and quality range of forage commonly fed to cattle and sheep. The in vitro assay therefore appeared promising for commercial quality determinations.

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