scholarly journals Understanding the excess psychosis risk in ethnic minorities: the impact of structure and identity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah E. Jongsma ◽  
Saffron Karlsen ◽  
James B. Kirkbride ◽  
Peter B. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Ethnic Minority Groups ◽  
The Social ◽  
Psychosis Risk ◽  
Identity Based ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Purpose Psychotic disorders, which are associated with substantially increased morbidity and mortality, are up to five times more common in some ethnic minority groups compared with the white majority in Western countries. This long-standing and well-replicated public mental health disparity has hitherto largely eluded adequate explanation. We argue that this might have arisen in part due to the lack of attention given to theoretical work characterising the complex and multidimensional social nature of ethnicity by those epidemiological investigations that have dominated the literature. Methods To bridge this gap, we draw on theoretical and empirical literature from across the social sciences considering the ontological significance of ethnicity (as biology, migration, racialised structures and identity) and its relationships with psychotic disorders to illuminate probable drivers of excess psychosis risk. Results The largest gains in our theoretical understanding of excess psychosis risk among ethnic minority groups are to be made by considering ethnicity in relation to disempowerment resulting from structural and identity-based exclusion. The former is readily studied through the social gradient in health: socioeconomic disadvantage clusters in some ethnic minorities and increases the risk of poor health outcomes, including psychosis. Furthermore, limitations on identity acquisition and expression imposed by the ethnic majority can further contribute to alienate ethnic minorities and increase psychosocial disempowerment (a lack of control over one’s life). Conclusion We theorise that structural and identity-based exclusion act as the primary drivers shaping variation in rates of psychotic disorder by ethnic minority status.

scholarly journals Psychoses sans Frontieres: towards an interdisciplinary understanding of psychosis risk amongst migrants and their descendants

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Dykxhoorn ◽  
J. B. Kirkbride
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Public Mental Health ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Ethnic Minority Groups ◽  
Region Of Origin ◽  
Psychosis Risk ◽  
Migrant Groups

AbstractUnderstanding the excess risk of psychotic disorders in migrant and ethnic minority groups has long been an important research focus in psychiatric epidemiology and public mental health. Heterogeneity between migrant groups based on the region of origin, minority status and other socioeconomic factors may provide clues as to the underlying aetiological mechanisms explaining this risk, as well as informing our general understanding of psychotic disorders. Nonetheless, disentangling the mechanisms underlying this association has been the focus of more speculation and theory to date than empirical research. Now more than ever, we need to move beyond studies which demonstrate excess rates in migrant and ethnic minority groups to novel population-based studies which identify the determinants and mechanisms through which this risk is shaped. In this paper, we review the main hypotheses proposed to explain these disparities and the current level of support for them. We then highlight recent evidence from epidemiology and neuroscience which provides important new clues in our understanding of the aetiology of psychotic disorders. We concluded with suggestions for future interdisciplinary research to prevent this public mental health inequality within a generation.

scholarly journals The childbirth rituals of Coho Sre in Di Linh District, Lam Dong Province

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 32-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tu Van Vo
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Reference Materials ◽  
Social System ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
Ethnic Minority Groups ◽  
The Social ◽  
Culture Education

The rituals of ethnic minority groups contain many values and cultural norms. They are closely linked to the social system including the economy, culture, education, etc. However, the culture of the ethnic minorities has been changed in either positive or negative direction for numerous reasons. This paper focuses on presenting the tradition and changes of the childbirth rituals of Coho Sre living in Di Linh District, Lam Dong Province based on the field research to clarify the cultural characteristics of ethnic minority groups and to contribute reference materials to those interested in this issue.

Gene-environment Interaction on the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Ethnic Minority Populations Living in Europe and North America: A Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 457-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad H. Zafarmand ◽  
Parvin Tajik ◽  
René Spijker ◽  
Charles Agyemang
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
North America ◽  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Ethnic Minority Groups ◽  
Gene Environment Interaction ◽  
Gene Environment

Background: The body of evidence on gene-environment interaction (GEI) related to type 2 diabetes (T2D) has grown in the recent years. However, most studies on GEI have sought to explain variation within individuals of European ancestry and results among ethnic minority groups are inconclusive. Objective: To investigate any interaction between a gene and an environmental factor in relation to T2D among ethnic minority groups living in Europe and North America. Methods: We systematically searched Medline and EMBASE databases for the published literature in English up to 25th March 2019. The screening, data extraction and quality assessment were performed by reviewers independently. Results: 1068 studies identified through our search, of which nine cohorts of six studies evaluating several different GEIs were included. The mean follow-up time in the included studies ranged from 5 to 25.7 years. Most studies were relatively small scale and few provided replication data. All studies included in the review included ethnic minorities from North America (Native-Americans, African- Americans, and Aboriginal Canadian), none of the studies in Europe assessed GEI in relation to T2D incident in ethnic minorities. The only significant GEI among ethnic minorities was HNF1A rs137853240 and smoking on T2D incident among Native-Canadians (Pinteraction = 0.006). Conclusion: There is a need for more studies on GEI among ethnicities, broadening the spectrum of ethnic minority groups being investigated, performing more discovery using genome-wide approaches, larger sample sizes for these studies by collaborating efforts such as the InterConnect approach, and developing a more standardized method of reporting GEI studies are discussed.

Ethnic Affairs Policy

1990 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-40
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Special Needs ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Ethnic Minority Groups ◽  
Official Position ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Treat All

AbstractDanish practice regarding ethnic minorities is rather inconsistent and unco-ordinated. Danish practice at its best attempts to enhance the competence of the individual members of ethnic minority groups in order to equip them to participate more fully in Danish society. At its worst, Danish administration repudiates the special needs of ethnic minorities. In most circumstances, Denmark's official position is relatively tolerant and yet passive as to the fate of ethnic minorities. Assimilation is an almost irresistable pressure for tiny ethnic minorities in a largely homogeneous society when the following ingredients are combined: • the failure to officially acknowledge the existence of minorities as such; and • the foundation principle of Danish administration of the actual equality of all people and the concomitant obligation to treat all alike.

scholarly journals The sustainable development of the ethnic minorities in Vietnam: The Indian experience and policy implications

2021 ◽  
Vol 258 ◽  
pp. 05004
Author(s):  
Thanh Hang Pham ◽  
Ekaterina Nikolaeva
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Ethnic Minority Groups ◽  
Indian Government ◽  
The Sustainable Development

India is a country with diverse ethnic groups. To ensure special rights and benefits for ethnic minority groups aim at the sustainable development of the ethnic groups, the Indian Government has regulations on preferential treatment in terms of policies, capital provision, education and employment opportunities included in its Constitution. In addition to providing legal protection to minorities in the Constitution, the Government also implements national projects to promote socio-economic development in ethnic minority areas, establishing various agencies to manage issues of the groups. These are useful recommendations for Vietnam in ensuring the rights of ethnic minorities. In this article, the author will focus on clarifying the basic contents of Indian Government for ensuring the rights of ethnic minority groups and drawing some policy suggestions for Vietnam.

Neighborhood ethnic density and psychotic disorders among ethnic minority groups in Utrecht City

2014 ◽  
Vol 49 (7) ◽  
pp. 1093-1102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabian Termorshuizen ◽  
Hugo M. Smeets ◽  
Arjan W. Braam ◽  
Wim Veling
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Ethnic Minority Groups ◽  
Ethnic Density

Perceived ethnic discrimination as a risk factor for psychotic symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (7) ◽  
pp. 1077-1089 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier Bardol ◽  
Stéphanie Grot ◽  
Hans Oh ◽  
Emmanuel Poulet ◽  
Halima Zeroug-Vial ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Ethnic Discrimination ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Ethnic Minority Groups ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Perceived Ethnic Discrimination

AbstractBackgroundPrevious studies have shown an elevated risk of psychotic symptoms (PS) and experiences (PEs) among ethnic minority groups, with significant variation between groups. This pattern may be partially attributable to the unfavorable socio-environmental conditions that surround ethnic minority groups. Perceived ethnic discrimination (PED) in particular has been a salient putative risk factor to explain the increased risk.MethodsWe conducted a systematic literature review and meta-analysis to assess the impact of PED on reporting PS/PEs in ethnic minorities. This review abides by the guidelines set forth by Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. The included studies were obtained from the databases: Medline, PsycINFO, and Web Of Science. Sub-group analyses were performed assessing the effect of PED in different subtypes of PS, the influence of ethnicity and moderating/mediating factors.ResultsSeventeen studies met the inclusion criteria, and nine were used to conduct the meta-analysis. We found a positive association between PED and the occurrence of PS/PEs among ethnic minorities. The combined odds ratio were 1.77 (95% CI 1.26–2.49) for PS and 1.94 (95% CI 1.42–2.67) for PEs. We found that the association was similar across ethnic groups and did not depend on the ethnic origin of individuals. Weak evidence supported the buffering effects of ethnic identity, collective self-esteem and social support; and no evidence supported the moderating effect of ethnic density. Sensitivity to race-based rejection significantly but only slightly mediated the association.ConclusionThese findings suggest that PED is involved in the increased risk of PS/PEs in ethnic minority populations.

scholarly journals Incidence of schizophrenia and other psychoses in ethnic minority groups: results from the MRC AESOP Study

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (11) ◽  
pp. 1541-1550 ◽  
Author(s):  
PAUL FEARON ◽  
JAMES B. KIRKBRIDE ◽  
CRAIG MORGAN ◽  
PAOLA DAZZAN ◽  
KEVIN MORGAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Ethnic Minority Groups ◽  
Black Africans ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Rate Ratios

Background. The incidence of schizophrenia in the African-Caribbean population in England is reported to be raised. We sought to clarify whether (a) the rates of other psychotic disorders are increased, (b) whether psychosis is increased in other ethnic minority groups, and (c) whether particular age or gender groups are especially at risk.Method. We identified all people (n=568) aged 16–64 years presenting to secondary services with their first psychotic symptoms in three well-defined English areas (over a 2-year period in Southeast London and Nottingham and a 9-month period in Bristol). Standardized incidence rates and incidence rate ratios (IRR) for all major psychosis syndromes for all main ethnic groups were calculated.Results. We found remarkably high IRRs for both schizophrenia and manic psychosis in both African-Caribbeans (schizophrenia 9·1, manic psychosis 8·0) and Black Africans (schizophrenia 5·8, manic psychosis 6·2) in men and women. IRRs in other ethnic minority groups were modestly increased as were rates for depressive psychosis and other psychoses in all minority groups. These raised rates were evident in all age groups in our study.Conclusions. Ethnic minority groups are at increased risk for all psychotic illnesses but African-Caribbeans and Black Africans appear to be at especially high risk for both schizophrenia and mania. These findings suggest that (a) either additional risk factors are operating in African-Caribbeans and Black Africans or that these factors are particularly prevalent in these groups, and that (b) such factors increase risk for schizophrenia and mania in these groups.

scholarly journals European Identity and its Relationship to National and Ethnic Identities among Younger and Older Members of Ethnic Minority Groups

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Waechter
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Life Course Perspective ◽  
Ethnic Identities ◽  
European Identity ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Ethnic Minority Groups ◽  
The Life Course

Abstract European Identity and its Relationship to National and Ethnic Identities among Younger and Older Members of Ethnic Minority Groups. European identity is neither a new phenomenon nor a new concept. Yet, after almost three decades of research, this area is characterized by a wide variety of concepts and little empirical evidence. Existing studies in the area propose homogeneous concepts of societies and often disregard European identity among ethnic minorities and non-citizens. This paper addresses the gap in the literature and analyses European identity among 12 minority groups living in Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries that have already become or might become EU members. The purpose of this study is to examine the choice of European identity and attitudes towards Europe in relation to other identities among respondents with an ethnic minority background. The paper addresses this question within the life-course perspective and examines differences in identity levels between the young and older cohorts of minority groups. For our analysis we have used a sample of 6800 members of ethnic minorities living in CEE (ENRIValues and Identities Survey). Our results indicate a stronger level of European orientation among minority young people in comparison to adults. Moreover, the study shows that while young minority cohorts manifest stronger levels of European identity than adults, their levels of national and ethnic identity are significantly lower. While adults consider their national identity to be more salient than European identity, young people give the two equal degrees of importance. At the same time, for both young people and adults, the results illustrate that European identity is compatible with both national and ethnic identities

scholarly journals Accessibility of health care experienced by persons with dementia from ethnic minority groups and formal and informal caregivers: A scoping review of European literature

Dementia ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 147130122110553
Author(s):  
Gözde Duran-Kiraç ◽  
Özgül Uysal-Bozkir ◽  
Ronald Uittenbroek ◽  
Hein van Hout ◽  
Marjolein I. Broese van Groenou
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Literacy ◽  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Access To Health Care ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Informal Caregivers ◽  
Ethnic Minority Groups ◽  
People With Dementia ◽  
Access To Health

The number of persons with dementia from ethnic minority backgrounds is increasing. However, ethnic minority groups use health care services less frequently compared to the general population. We conducted a scoping review and used the theoretical framework developed by Levesque to provide an overview of the literature concerning access to health care for ethnic minority people with dementia and (in)formal caregivers. Studies mentioned barriers in (1) the ability to perceive a need for care in terms of health literacy, health beliefs and trust, and expectations; (2) the ability to seek care because of personal and social values and the lack of knowledge regarding health care options; and (3) lack of person-centered care as barrier to continue with professional health care. Studies also mentioned barriers experienced by professionals in (1) communication with ethnic minorities and knowledge about available resources for professionals; (2) cultural and social factors influencing the professionals’ attitudes towards ethnic minorities; and (3) the appropriateness of care and lacking competencies to work with people with dementia from ethnic minority groups and informal caregivers. By addressing health literacy including knowledge about the causes of dementia, people with dementia from ethnic minorities and their informal caregivers may improve their abilities to access health care. Health care professionals need to strengthen their competencies in order to facilitate access to health care for this group.

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