The patterning of local variability during the acquisition of a novel whole-body continuous motor skill in young adults

Abstract Obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) prevalence are increasing worldwide, including in the young adult population. In general, the prevalence is higher in urban than in rural. Relatively higher calories and fat intake with more sedentary lifestyle in urban population can cause a surplus in energy homeostasis that will eventually be stored as body fat. This change might influence the gut environment, which based on recent studies, could interact with the immune system leading to inflammation and contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity and T2D. Our study aimed to assess the differences in adiposity profiles and insulin resistance between urban and rural Indonesian young adults and its association with serum lipocalin-2, a marker for systemic and gut inflammation. In this study, 242 individuals from urban and 233 subjects originating from rural areas were recruited. Anthropometry measurements, including body height, weight, and waist circumference (WC), were conducted. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated from the body height and weight. Fasting blood glucose and fasting insulin were also measured, from which a homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated as a surrogate marker for whole body insulin resistance. Meanwhile, serum lipocalin-2 was measured by ELISA. Urban subjects had higher BMI and WC compared to rural counterparts [mean diff. (95% CI): 1.71 (0.99;2.43) kg/m2, P<0.001 and 4.4 (2.6;6.2) cm, P<0.001), respectively]. Additionally, HOMA-IR was also higher in urban than rural subjects [0.12 (0.008;0.24), P=0.04, after adjusted for age, sex, and BMI]. Lower serum lipocalin-2 level was observed in urban compared to rural individuals [-74.09 (-96.95-51.23) ng/mL, P<0.001]. However, no significant correlations were observed between serum lipocalin-2 with BMI, WC, or HOMA-IR (r=-0.06, P=0.19; r=-0.08, P=0.10; r=-0.002, P=0.96, respectively). The findings of worse adiposity profiles and insulin resistance in urban than rural subjects were consistent with the results observed in previous studies. Higher intestinal inflammation in rural subjects, as shown by higher serum lipocalin-2, could be caused by presumably a higher rate of chronic and recurrent intestinal infection usually found in people living in rural areas. These could indirectly affect the nutrient uptake and eventually contribute to the lower adiposity and insulin resistance in the rural population, apart from the relatively lower calories and fat intake in their diet. Therefore, further study that incorporate dietary intake analysis and assay for intestinal infection are warranted to confirm this hypothesis.

Download Full-text

Brown Adipose Tissue Volume and Fat Content are Positively Associated with Whole-Body Adiposity in Young Men, Not in Women

10.2337/figshare.14378471.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Guillermo Sanchez-Delgado ◽

Borja Martinez-Tellez ◽

Francisco M. Acosta ◽

Samuel Virtue ◽

Antonio Vidal-Puig ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Young Adults ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Brown Adipose Tissue ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Visceral Adipose Tissue ◽

Whole Body ◽

Body Adiposity ◽

Brown Adipose ◽

Pet Ct ◽

Visceral Adipose

<a>Human brown adipose tissue (BAT) volume has been consistently claimed as inversely associated with whole-body adiposity. However, recent advances in the assessment of human BAT suggest that previously reported associations may have been biased. The present cross-sectional study investigates the association of BAT volume, mean radiodensity, and 18F-fluordeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) uptake (assessed via a static positron emission tomography-computerized tomography (PET-CT) scan after a 2-hour personalized cold exposure) with whole-body adiposity (measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) in 126 young adults (42 men / 84 women; 25±5 kg/m2). BAT volume, but not 18F-FDG uptake, was positively associated with body mass index (BMI), fat mass, and visceral adipose tissue mass in men, but not in women. These associations were independent of the date when the PET-CT was performed, insulin sensitivity and body surface area. BAT mean radiodensity, an inverse proxy of BAT fat content, was negatively associated </a>was with BMI, waist circumference, fat mass and visceral adipose tissue mas in men and with percentage fat mass in women. These results refute the widely held belief that human BAT volume is reduced in obese persons, at least in young adults, and suggest that it might even be the opposite in young men.

Download Full-text

Comparing the Impact of Heart Rate-Based In-Game Adaptations in an Exergame-Based Functional High-Intensity Interval Training on Training Intensity and Experience in Healthy Young Adults

Frontiers in Psychology ◽

10.3389/fpsyg.2021.572877 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Anna Lisa Martin-Niedecken ◽

Tiziana Schwarz ◽

Alexandra Schättin

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Young Adults ◽

High Intensity ◽

Interval Training ◽

Whole Body ◽

Intensity Level ◽

High Intensity Interval Training ◽

Individual Parameter ◽

High Intensity Interval ◽

The Impact

Physical inactivity remains one of the biggest societal challenges of the 21st century. The gaming industry and the fitness sector have responded to this alarming fact with game-based or gamified training scenarios and thus established the promising trend of exergaming. Exergames—games played with the (whole) body as physical input—have been extolled as potential attractive and effective training tools. Simultaneously, researchers and designers are still exploring new approaches to exploit the full potential of this innovative and enjoyable training method. One way to boost the attractiveness and effectiveness of an exergame is to individualize it with game adaptations. A physiological parameter that is often used to balance the physical challenge and intensity of exergames to the player’s fitness skills is the heart rate (HR). Therefore, researchers and designers often rely on age-based, maximum HR (HRmax) formulas originating from performance diagnostics. In combination with the player’s assessed real-time HR during an exergame session, the pre-determined HRmax is used to adapt the game’s challenge to reach a pre-defined HR and physical intensity level (in-exergame adaptations), respectively. Although the validity and reliability of these age-based HRmax formulas were proven in heterogeneous target populations, their use is still often criticized as HR is an individual parameter that is affected by various internal and external factors. So far, no study has investigated whether the formula-based pre-calculated HRmax compared to a standardized individually pre-assessed HRmax elicits different training intensities, training experiences, and flow feelings in an exergame. Therefore, we compared both variants for in-exergame adaptation with the ExerCube – a functional high-intensity interval training exergame – in healthy young adults. Comparing the results of the two conditions, no significant differences were found for HR parameters and perceived physical and cognitive exertion, nor for overall flow feelings and physical activity enjoyment. Thus, the formula-based in-exergame adaptation approach was suitable in the presented study population, and the ExerCube provided an equally reliable in-exergame adaptation and comparable exergame play experiences. We discuss our findings in the context of related work on exergame adaptation approaches and draw out some implications for future adaptive exergame design and research topics.

Download Full-text

A Golden Age for Motor Skill Learning? Learning of an Unfamiliar Motor Task in 10-Year-Olds, Young Adults, and Adults, When Starting From Similar Baselines

Frontiers in Psychology ◽

10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00538 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Marius Solum ◽

Håvard Lorås ◽

Arve Vorland Pedersen

Keyword(s):

Young Adults ◽

Motor Skill ◽

Golden Age ◽

Motor Task ◽

Skill Learning ◽

Motor Skill Learning

Download Full-text

The Anabolic Response to Dietary Protein Is Not Limited by the Maximal Stimulation of Protein Synthesis in Healthy Older Adults: A Randomized Crossover Trial

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12113276 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (11) ◽

pp. 3276

Author(s):

Sanghee Park ◽

Jiwoong Jang ◽

Myung Dong Choi ◽

Yun-A Shin ◽

Scott Schutzler ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Young Adults ◽

Protein Synthesis ◽

Protein Intake ◽

Whole Body ◽

Synthesis Rate ◽

Mixed Meal ◽

Protein Kinetics ◽

Anabolic Response ◽

Body Protein

We have recently demonstrated in young adults that an anabolic response with mixed meal protein intake above ~35 g/meal, previously recognized as an “optimal” protein dose, was further stimulated. However, it is unknown if this applies to older adults. We therefore examined anabolic response to a mixed meal containing either 35 g (MOD, moderate amount of protein) or 70 g (HIGH, high amount of protein) in a randomized cross-over metabolic study in older adults (n = 8). Primed continuous infusions of L-[2H5] phenylalanine and L-[2H2]tyrosine were performed to determine whole-body protein kinetics and muscle protein fractional synthesis rate (MPS) in basal fasted and fed states. Whole-body protein kinetics (NB, net protein balance; PS, protein synthesis; PB, protein breakdown) and MPS was expressed as changes from the baseline post-absorptive state. Consistent with our previous findings in young adults, both feedings resulted in a positive NB, with HIGH being more positive than MOD. Furthermore, NB (expressed as g protein∙240 min) increased linearly with an increasing amount of protein intake, expressed relative to lean body mass. The positive NB was achieved due mainly to the suppression of PB in both MOD and to a greater extent HIGH, while PS was only increased in HIGH. Consistent with the whole-body data, MPS was significantly higher in HIGH than MOD. Plasma concentrations of essential amino acids and insulin were greater in HIGH vs. MOD. We conclude that in the context of mixed meals, whole-body anabolic response linearly increases with increasing protein intake primarily through the suppression of PB, and MPS was further stimulated with protein intake above the previously considered “optimal” protein dose in older adults.

Download Full-text

Self-reported physical activity level does not alter whole-body total heat loss independently of aerobic fitness in young adults during exercise in the heat

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1139/apnm-2018-0211 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 44 (1) ◽

pp. 99-102 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dallon T. Lamarche ◽

Sean R. Notley ◽

Martin P. Poirier ◽

Glen P. Kenny

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Young Adults ◽

Oxygen Consumption ◽

Heat Loss ◽

Aerobic Fitness ◽

Total Heat ◽

Activity Level ◽

Peak Oxygen Consumption ◽

Whole Body ◽

Total Heat Loss

We evaluated whether self-reported physical activity (PA) level modulates whole-body total heat loss (WB-THL) as assessed using direct calorimetry in 10 young adults (aged 22 ± 3 years) matched for rate of peak oxygen consumption (an index for aerobic fitness), but of low and high self-reported PA, during 3 incremental cycling bouts (∼39%, 52%, and 64% peak oxygen consumption) in the heat (40 °C). We showed that level of self-reported PA does not appear to influence WB-THL independently of peak oxygen consumption.

Download Full-text