Molecular population structure of the marine benthic copepod Microarthridion littorale along the southeastern and Gulf coasts of the USA

Abstract Background The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse) is an important worldwide invasive species and can be a locally important vector of chikungunya, dengue and, potentially, Zika. This species is native to Southeast Asia where populations thrive in both temperate and tropical climates. A better understanding of the population structure of Ae. albopictus in Lao PDR is very important in order to support the implementation of strategies for diseases prevention and vector control. In the present study, we investigated the genetic variability of Ae. albopictus across a north-south transect in Lao PDR. Methods We used variability in a 1337-bp fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (cox1), to assess the population structure of Ae. albopictus in Lao PDR. For context, we also examined variability at the same genetic locus in samples of Ae. albopictus from Thailand, China, Taiwan, Japan, Singapore, Italy and the USA. Results We observed very high levels of genetic polymorphism with 46 novel haplotypes in Ae. albopictus from 9 localities in Lao PDR and Thailand populations. Significant differences were observed between the Luangnamtha population and other locations in Lao PDR. However, we found no evidence of isolation by distance. There was overall little genetic structure indicating ongoing and frequent gene flow among populations or a recent population expansion. Indeed, the neutrality test supported population expansion in Laotian Ae. albopictus and mismatch distribution analyses showed a lack of low frequency alleles, a pattern often seen in bottlenecked populations. When samples from Lao PDR were analyzed together with samples from Thailand, China, Taiwan, Japan, Singapore, Italy and the USA, phylogenetic network and Bayesian cluster analysis showed that most populations from tropical/subtropical regions are more genetically related to each other, than populations from temperate regions. Similarly, most populations from temperate regions are more genetically related to each other, than those from tropical/subtropical regions. Conclusions Aedes albopictus in Lao PDR are genetically related to populations from tropical/subtropical regions (i.e. Thailand, Singapore, and California and Texas in the USA). The extensive gene flow among locations in Lao PDR indicates that local control is undermined by repeated introductions from untreated sites.

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Season-long infection of diverse hosts by the entomopathogenic fungus Batkoa major

10.1101/2021.12.14.472666 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Andrii Gryganskyi ◽

Jacob Golan ◽

Ann E. Hajek

Keyword(s):

Population Structure ◽

Entomopathogenic Fungus ◽

Woody Plants ◽

Collection Site ◽

Lycorma Delicatula ◽

The Usa ◽

High Gene ◽

Host Affiliation ◽

Genomic Regions ◽

High Degree

Populations of the entomopathogenic fungus Batkoa major were analyzed using sequences of four genomic regions and evaluated in relation to their genetic diversity, insect hosts and collection site. This entomophthoralean pathogen killed numerous insect species from 23 families and five orders in two remote locations during 2019. The host list of this biotrophic pathogen contains flies, true bugs, butterflies and moths, beetles, and barkflies. Among the infected bugs (Order Hemiptera), the spotted lanternfly ( Lycorma delicatula ) is a new invasive planthopper pest of various woody plants that was introduced to the USA from Eastern Asia. A high degree of clonality occurred in the studied populations and high gene flow was revealed using four molecular loci for the analysis of population structure. We did not detect any segregation in the population regarding host affiliation (by family or order), or collection site. This is the first description of population structure of a biotrophic fungus-generalist in the entomopathogenic Order Entomophthorales. This analysis aimed to better understand the potential populations of entomopathogen-generalists infecting emerging invasive hosts in new ecosystems.

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Twenty-First-Century Hyper-power, China or USA: Is Demography the Determinant?

Jadavpur Journal of International Relations ◽

10.1177/09735984211035180 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 097359842110351

Author(s):

Narottam Gaan

Keyword(s):

Population Structure ◽

Terrorist Attack ◽

Power Structure ◽

Aging Population ◽

Global Politics ◽

The Usa ◽

Trade Center ◽

The Cold War ◽

Zero Sum ◽

Traditional Paradigm

In the aftermath glow of the end of the Cold War was seen faintly the swaggering footsteps of a triumphant USA ready to architect a new world attic with the mortars and bricks of its own politico-economic ideology. But the engendered vibe and euphoria bedecking America proved to be ephemeral with its dismal economic straits, failure of overseas military adventurism, terrorist attack on its trade center and loosening grip over global events, rise of other powers, and unwillingness of the world to kowtow to American lines. China, in contrast, showed ascendancy in economic growth, rising productive forces, military modernization, and ambitious global designs, giving rise to the neorealist zero-sum understanding that eclipsing USA has lent to the ascent of China in the global scene. But this kind of analysis is mostly founded on traditional paradigm of politico-military and economic power. What is primarily ignored or marginalized in the analysis of power structure in global politics is the demography, that is, aging population structure. The present article focuses on aging population structure of the USA, China and other great powers and tries to challenge this traditionally ingrained understanding of power structure and holds on to the view that if the current population structure is any indication, America will rule the roost in global politics.

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Genetic diversity and population structure of advanced clones selected over forty years by a potato breeding program in the USA

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-87284-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Jeewan Pandey ◽

Douglas C. Scheuring ◽

Jeffrey W. Koym ◽

Joseph Coombs ◽

Richard G. Novy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Population Structure ◽

Skin Color ◽

Potato Breeding ◽

Crop Improvement ◽

Snp Markers ◽

Breeding Program ◽

Potato Breeding Program ◽

The Usa

AbstractKnowledge regarding genetic diversity and population structure of breeding materials is essential for crop improvement. The Texas A&M University Potato Breeding Program has a collection of advanced clones selected and maintained in-vitro over a 40-year period. Little is known about its genetic makeup and usefulness for the current breeding program. In this study, 214 potato clones were genotyped with the Infinium Illumina 22 K V3 Potato Array. After filtering, a total of 10,106 single nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) markers were used for analysis. Heterozygosity varied by SNP, with an overall average of 0.59. Three groups of tetraploid clones primarily based on potato market classes, were detected using STRUCTURE software and confirmed by discriminant analysis of principal components. The highest coefficient of differentiation observed between the groups was 0.14. Signatures of selection were uncovered in genes controlling potato flesh and skin color, length of plant cycle and tuberization, and carbohydrate metabolism. A core set of 43 clones was obtained using Core Hunter 3 to develop a sub-collection that retains similar genetic diversity as the whole population, minimize redundancies, and facilitates long-term conservation of genetic resources. The comprehensive molecular characterization of our breeding clone bank collection contributes to understanding the genetic diversity of existing potato resources. This analysis could be applied to other breeding programs and assist in the selection of parents, fingerprinting, protection, and management of the breeding collections.

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Population structure of the squid Doryteuthis pealeii on the eastern coast of the USA: Comment on Shaw et al. (2010)

Marine Ecology Progress Series ◽

10.3354/meps09651 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 450 ◽

pp. 281-283 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

G Gerlach ◽

KC Buresch ◽

RT Hanlon

Keyword(s):

Population Structure ◽

Eastern Coast ◽

The Usa

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Genomic differentiation and intercontinental population structure of mosquito vectors Culex pipiens pipiens and Culex pipiens molestus

10.1101/867887 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Andrey A. Yurchenko ◽

Reem A. Masri ◽

Natalia V. Khrabrova ◽

Anuarbek K. Sibataev ◽

Megan L. Fritz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Population Structure ◽

Culex Pipiens ◽

Principal Component ◽

The United States ◽

Kyrgyz Republic ◽

Culex Pipiens Pipiens ◽

Whole Genomes ◽

The Usa ◽

The Republic ◽

Culex Pipiens Molestus

AbstractUnderstanding the population structure and mechanisms of taxa diversification is important for organisms responsible for the transmission of human diseases. Two vectors of West Nile virus, Culex pipiens pipiens and Cx. p. molestus, exhibit epidemiologically important behavioral and physiological differences, but the whole-genome divergence between them was unexplored. In this study, we re-sequenced and compared the whole genomes of 40 individual mosquitoes from four locations in Eurasia and North America: the Republic of Belarus, the Kyrgyz Republic, and the United States of America. Principal Component, ADMIXTURE, and neighbor joining analyses of the nuclear genomes identified two intercontinental, monophyletic clusters of Cx. p. pipiens and Cx. p. molestus. The third cluster, having a polyphyletic origin, was formed by Cx. p. pipiens and Cx. quinquefasciatus from the USA. The level of genomic differentiation between the subspecies was uniform along chromosomes. The ADMIXTURE analysis determined signatures of admixture in all Cx. p. pipens populations but not in Cx. p. molestus populations. Comparison of mitochondrial genomes among the specimens showed a paraphyletic origin of the major haplogroups between the subspecies but a monophyletic structure between the continents. Thus, our study identified that Cx. p. molestus and Cx. p. pipiens represent different evolutionary units with monophyletic origin that have undergone incipient ecological speciation.

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The population structure of Rose rosette virus in the USA

Journal of General Virology ◽

10.1099/jgv.0.001418 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 101 (6) ◽

pp. 676-684 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Asimina Katsiani ◽

Daisy Stainton ◽

Kurt Lamour ◽

Ioannis E. Tzanetakis

Keyword(s):

Population Structure ◽

High Throughput Sequencing ◽

Rna Virus ◽

Sequence Information ◽

Coding Regions ◽

Protein Length ◽

Recent Emergence ◽

Indel Polymorphisms ◽

The Usa ◽

Rose Rosette

Rose rosette virus (RRV) (genus Emaravirus) is the causal agent of the homonymous disease, the most destructive malady of roses in the USA. Although the importance of the disease is recognized, little sequence information and no full genomes are available for RRV, a multi-segmented RNA virus. To better understand the population structure of the virus we implemented a Hi-Plex PCR amplicon high-throughput sequencing approach to sequence all 7 segments and to quantify polymorphisms in 91 RRV isolates collected from 16 states in the USA. Analysis revealed insertion/deletion (indel) polymorphisms primarily in the 5′ and 3′ non-coding, but also within coding regions, including some resulting in changes of protein length. Phylogenetic analysis showed little geographical structuring, suggesting that topography does not have a strong influence on virus evolution. Overall, the virus populations were homogeneous, possibly because of regular movement of plants, the recent emergence of RRV and/or because the virus is under strong purification selection to preserve its integrity and biological functions.

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8 Fluctuations in the price of oil 1973–93 325 13.9 Oil production in the USA, USSR, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela 327 and Kuwait, 1954–92 14.1 Population structure of India in 1991 333 14.2 The states of India 334 14.3 Economic map of India 335 14.4 Rainfall and soil in India 336 14.5 Rice yields in selected countries, 1931–90 337 14.6 Location maps of Pakistan and Bangladesh 345 15.1 Countries and cities of Southeast Asia 353 15.2 Southeast Asia and neighbouring regions 354 15.3 A comparison of the population structure of Singapore and 355 Malaysia 15.4 The population structure of Indonesia 356 15.5 Economic map of Southeast Asia 358 15.6 Centres of tourism in Thailand 364 16.1 Position of China in the hemisphere centred on Lanzhou 373 16.2 The Provinces of China represented (a) conventionally, (b) in 375 the form of a cartogram with Provinces drawn according to the size of population 16.3 Population change in China, 1949–92 376 16.4 Population structure of China, 1990 376 16.5 Three alternative futures for the population of China 379

Geography of the World’s Major Regions ◽

10.4324/9780203429815-173 ◽

2003 ◽

pp. 663-663

Keyword(s):

Saudi Arabia ◽

Population Structure ◽

Southeast Asia ◽

Population Change ◽

Oil Production ◽

Alternative Futures ◽

The Usa ◽

Rice Yields

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Genetic heterogeneity of polydactyly in Maine Coon cats

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery ◽

10.1177/1098612x20905061 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 22 (12) ◽

pp. 1103-1113

Author(s):

Alexia Hamelin ◽

Fabrice Conchou ◽

Marion Fusellier ◽

Bettina Duchenij ◽

Isabelle Vieira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Population Structure ◽

Genetic Heterogeneity ◽

Limb Development ◽

Regulatory Sequence ◽

Incomplete Penetrance ◽

Regulatory Sequences ◽

Inheritance Pattern ◽

Domestic Cats ◽

Population Structure Analysis ◽

The Usa

Objectives Polydactyly has been described in two breeds of domestic cats (Maine Coon and Pixie Bob) and in some outbred domestic cats (eg, Hemingway cats). In most cases, feline polydactyly is a non-syndromic preaxial polydactyly. Three variants located in a regulatory sequence involved in limb development, named ZRS (zone of polarising activity regulatory sequence), have been identified to be responsible for feline polydactyly. These variants have been found in outbred domestic cats in the UK ( UK1 and UK2 variants) and in Hemingway cats in the USA ( Hw variant). The aim of this study was to characterise the genetic features of polydactyly in Maine Coon cats. Methods Genotyping assay was used to identify the variant(s) segregating in a cohort of 75 polydactyl and non-polydactyl Maine Coon cats from different breeding lines from Europe, Canada and the USA. The authors performed a segregation analysis to identify the inheritance pattern of polydactyly in this cohort and analysed the population structure. Results The Hw allele was identified in a subset of polydactyl cats. Sequencing of two regulatory sequences involved in limb development did not reveal any other variant in polydactyl cats lacking the Hw allele. Additionally, genotype–phenotype and segregation analyses revealed the peculiar inheritance pattern of polydactyly in Maine Coon cats. The population structure analysis demonstrated a genetic distinction between Hw and Hw-free polydactyl cats. Conclusions and relevance Polydactyly in Maine Coon cats is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait with incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity, and this trait is characterised by genetic heterogeneity in the Maine Coon breed. Maine Coon breeders should be aware of this situation and adapt their breeding practices accordingly.

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