8 Fluctuations in the price of oil 1973–93 325 13.9 Oil production in the USA, USSR, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela 327 and Kuwait, 1954–92 14.1 Population structure of India in 1991 333 14.2 The states of India 334 14.3 Economic map of India 335 14.4 Rainfall and soil in India 336 14.5 Rice yields in selected countries, 1931–90 337 14.6 Location maps of Pakistan and Bangladesh 345 15.1 Countries and cities of Southeast Asia 353 15.2 Southeast Asia and neighbouring regions 354 15.3 A comparison of the population structure of Singapore and 355 Malaysia 15.4 The population structure of Indonesia 356 15.5 Economic map of Southeast Asia 358 15.6 Centres of tourism in Thailand 364 16.1 Position of China in the hemisphere centred on Lanzhou 373 16.2 The Provinces of China represented (a) conventionally, (b) in 375 the form of a cartogram with Provinces drawn according to the size of population 16.3 Population change in China, 1949–92 376 16.4 Population structure of China, 1990 376 16.5 Three alternative futures for the population of China 379

2003 ◽  
pp. 663-663
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Population Structure ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Population Change ◽  
Oil Production ◽  
Alternative Futures ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Rice Yields

New Dimension of Global Energy Security

2015 ◽  
Vol 59 (11) ◽  
pp. 5-16
Author(s):  
E. Telegina
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Energy Security ◽  
Oil Prices ◽  
Oil Production ◽  
Energy Markets ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Global Energy ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Impact

The article analyzes the current state of energy markets. The basic fundamental factor of the demand for energy resources – the world economy growth – is rather low. At the same time, the USA and China demonstrate steady economic growth, thus rising demand for hydrocarbons. But recent decline of prices for oil and other commodities like metals or grain shows that among various factors, both fundamental and speculative, financial markets are also speeding up the volatility on the markets, thus deepening the gap between “paper” and “fair” oil price. Also, it is necessary to analyze the impact on the situation on the global oil market of such multidirectional factors as influence of “shale revolution” in the USA or Saudi Arabia refusal to reduce oil production. Shale oil helped USA to overcome oil import dependency and to become an exporter in the future. However, production costs in the country are rather high. On the contrary, Saudi Arabia has low production costs and is now trying to keep the international prices at a level that makes the US shale projects infeasible. The Saudi budget 2015 assumed a price of $90/barrel and it can endure $50 as well. However, other oil exporting countries face huge losses. Nevertheless, in the future oil prices will rise and evidently the level of fair price can be determined at $60-70/barrel. The author examines also the break-even prices for oil production and levels of oil prices necessary for formation of budgets of oil exporting countries. The changes on oil and gas markets lead to formation of more complicated global energy space and to shifts in the concept of energy security from ensuring the stability of energy supplies to energy self-sufficiency. The transformation of energy markets and geopolitical risks cause the changes in the transportation logistics and enhance risks of implementation of new trans-border pipelines. Prospects of sustainable and multidirectional development of global and regional energy markets are also considered.

scholarly journals Population genetics of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in its native range in Lao People’s Democratic Republic

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maysa Tiemi Motoki ◽  
Dina Madera Fonseca ◽  
Elliott Frederic Miot ◽  
Bruna Demari-Silva ◽  
Phoutmany Thammavong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Gene Flow ◽  
Aedes Albopictus ◽  
Isolation By Distance ◽  
Genetic Locus ◽  
Lao Pdr ◽  
Phylogenetic Network ◽  
Population Expansion ◽  
Recent Population Expansion ◽  
The Usa

Abstract Background The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse) is an important worldwide invasive species and can be a locally important vector of chikungunya, dengue and, potentially, Zika. This species is native to Southeast Asia where populations thrive in both temperate and tropical climates. A better understanding of the population structure of Ae. albopictus in Lao PDR is very important in order to support the implementation of strategies for diseases prevention and vector control. In the present study, we investigated the genetic variability of Ae. albopictus across a north-south transect in Lao PDR. Methods We used variability in a 1337-bp fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (cox1), to assess the population structure of Ae. albopictus in Lao PDR. For context, we also examined variability at the same genetic locus in samples of Ae. albopictus from Thailand, China, Taiwan, Japan, Singapore, Italy and the USA. Results We observed very high levels of genetic polymorphism with 46 novel haplotypes in Ae. albopictus from 9 localities in Lao PDR and Thailand populations. Significant differences were observed between the Luangnamtha population and other locations in Lao PDR. However, we found no evidence of isolation by distance. There was overall little genetic structure indicating ongoing and frequent gene flow among populations or a recent population expansion. Indeed, the neutrality test supported population expansion in Laotian Ae. albopictus and mismatch distribution analyses showed a lack of low frequency alleles, a pattern often seen in bottlenecked populations. When samples from Lao PDR were analyzed together with samples from Thailand, China, Taiwan, Japan, Singapore, Italy and the USA, phylogenetic network and Bayesian cluster analysis showed that most populations from tropical/subtropical regions are more genetically related to each other, than populations from temperate regions. Similarly, most populations from temperate regions are more genetically related to each other, than those from tropical/subtropical regions. Conclusions Aedes albopictus in Lao PDR are genetically related to populations from tropical/subtropical regions (i.e. Thailand, Singapore, and California and Texas in the USA). The extensive gene flow among locations in Lao PDR indicates that local control is undermined by repeated introductions from untreated sites.

Population Change in Southeast Asia.

1983 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 742
Author(s):  
G. McN. ◽  
Wilfredo F. Arce ◽  
Gabriel C. Alvarez
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Population Change

scholarly journals Published Estimates of Oil Reserves Do Not Influence Us Doe/Eia Oil Production Forecasts. World Oil Reserves to Increase through Next Two Decades?

2000 ◽  
Vol 18 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 263-264 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Production ◽  
Oil Reserves ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa

Non-OPEC oil reserves worldwide have an R/P ratio of 15. In the USA, the ratio is near 10; a figure stated for much of the last century. The US DOE/EIA world oil production forecasts given in Table 1 ignore the published forecasts of oil reserves. The naive statement of the position for the USA is that the presently known oil reserves will have been used by 2010. In 2010, US production is forecast to be a little less than 9 million b/d and in 2020 is forecast to be a little over 9 million b/d. The US DOE/EIA is clearly confident that there will be oil reserves available to support world oil production of 87.7 million b/d in 2005; 96.6 million b/d in 2021; 105.6 million b/d in 2015 and 15.4 million b/d in 2020. Hence real at economic world oil reserves are forecast to increase steadily through the next two decades.

scholarly journals Dominance of the ON1 Genotype of RSV-A and BA9 Genotype of RSV-B in Respiratory Cases from Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1323
Author(s):  
Hessa A. Al-Sharif ◽  
Sherif A. El-Kafrawy ◽  
Jehad M. Yousef ◽  
Taha A. Kumosani ◽  
Mohammad A. Kamal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Hypervariable Region ◽  
Genotype Distribution ◽  
Potential Development ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Group A ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Group B

Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is a main cause of hospital admission for lower respiratory tract infection. In previous studies from Saudi Arabia, higher prevalence of the NA1 genotype in group A was observed from Riyadh and Taif. This study recruited respiratory cases from Jeddah during January to December, 2017. RSV represented 13.4% in the recruited cases with 64% of them belonging to group A and 36% to group B. All group A cases in this study were ON1 type characterized by duplication of 72 nucleotides, 24 amino acids in the C-terminal in the second hypervariable region of the G gene. In addition, for group B all of the cases were clustered under BA9, which had uniquely characterized as duplication of 60 nucleotides in the G protein. Our sequences showed similarity with earlier sequences from Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Thailand, South Africa, Spain, the USA and Cyprus. Some amino acid substitutions in the investigated sequences would cause a change in potential O-glycosylation and N-glycosylation profiles from prototype ON1. The predominance of the ON1 and BA9 genotype of RSV-A in Jeddah compared to previous Saudi studies showing predominance of the NA1 genotype for group A. This difference in genotype prevalence could be due to fast spread of the ON1 genotype worldwide or due to the flux of travelers through Jeddah during hajj/umrah compared to Riyadh and Taif. This shift in genotype distribution requires continuous surveillance for genetic characterization of circulating respiratory infections including RSV. These findings may contribute to the understanding of RSV evolution and to the potential development of a vaccine against RSV.

scholarly journals Evaluating M-Learning System Adoption by Faculty Members in Saudi Arabia Using Concern Based Adoption Model (CBAM) Stages of Concern

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (05) ◽  
pp. 153
Author(s):  
Mohammed Al Masarweh
Keyword(s):  
Educational Technology ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
User Interaction ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Faculty Members ◽  
Learning System ◽  
Concern Based Adoption Model ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Adoption Model ◽  
Facilitators And Barriers

This study assesses the use of an m-learning system by faculty members in Saudi Arabia using a new approach and methodology. Optimum use of educational technology requires consideration of requirements, obstacles and opportunities expected from user interaction with such systems and tools. While the use of m-learning in Saudi Arabia is relatively new, different research studies have investigated the use of m-learning in Saudi Arabia using different models. Most of the presented models investigated the acceptance and use from student perspectives, with little consideration of adoption by faculty members, their use of m-learning systems and their concerns (i.e. facilitators and barriers) as users. Some of the used models managed to provide significant results in relation to m-learning use, while others were found to lack a systematic and appropriate methodology. Concern Based Adoption Model (CBAM), which is widely used in the USA, Canada and (more recently) the Middle East (particularly Jordan), was used in this study to investigate m-learning adoption as an educational technology in Saudi Arabia. This framework provides tools to evaluate the use of educational technology within educational settings. This framework has not previously been used in Saudi Arabian educational research literature, and it is believed that the output will be valuable for enhancing the level of concern, adoption and use of m-learning in the future.

Corrigendum to “Rice yields and yield gaps in Southeast Asia: Past trends and future outlook” [Eur. J. Agron. 36 (2012) 9–20]

2012 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 96
Author(s):  
Alice G. Laborte ◽  
Kees (C.A.J.M.) de Bie ◽  
Eric M.A. Smaling ◽  
Piedad F. Moya ◽  
Anita A. Boling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Future Outlook ◽  
Yield Gaps ◽  
Rice Yields

Natural Gas Markets in Asia: From Callow Youth to Maturity

1992 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-140
Author(s):  
Donald I. Hertzmark
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Oil Production ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Residual Fuel Oil ◽  
Oil Markets

In the 1980s, Asian energy markets expanded at a rapid rate to meet the surge in demand from Japan, Korea, and Taiwan. This demand boom coincided with an increase in non-OPEC oil production in the region. As oil production stabilizes, demand looks set to rise sharply, this time in the new Newly Industrialized Countries of Southeast Asia, Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia. Natural gas will play a key role in this expansion of energy use and could start to lead rather than follow oil markets. The leading role of natural gas will be especially strong if gas starts to make inroads in the high and middle ends of the barrel with oxygenated gasoline and compressed natural gas for trucks. At the bottom of the barrel, natural gas could increasingly usurp the role of residual fuel oil for environmental reasons. At the same time, regional refiners could find that residual oil is their leading source of additional feed for the new process units currently under discussion or planning. The supply outlook for natural gas is increasingly fraught with uncertainties as more of the region's supplies must come from distant areas. In particular, LNG supplies from Malaysia and Indonesia will need to be replaced by the early part of the next century as rising domestic demand eats into the exportable gas production. New sources include China, Siberia, Sakhalin Island, Papua New Guinea, and Canada. There will be intense competition to supply the Northeast Asian markets as the gas production in Southeast Asia is increasingly used within ASEAN.

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