Relative deficiency of acidic isoforms of osteopontin from stone former urine

ABSTRACT During sporulation, many Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies synthesize several related δ-endotoxins which are packaged into bipyramidal intracellular inclusions. These inclusions are solubilized in the alkaline, reducing conditions of the midguts of susceptible insect larvae and are converted by proteolysis to active toxins. The toxins insert into the membranes of cells lining the midgut and form cation-selective channels, which results in lethality. There are three δ-endotoxins, Cry1Ab3, Cry1Ca1, and Cry1Da1, present in the inclusions produced by a B. thuringiensis subsp.aizawai cell. While the ratio of the steady-state mRNAs for these three protoxins has been shown to differ (cry1Ab3/cry1Ca1/cry1Da1 mRNA ratio, 4:2:1), the half-lives of the cry1Da1 and cry1Ab3 mRNAs were found to be similar, indicating that there were differences in the transcription rates. The relative contents of these δ-endotoxins in purified inclusions from B. thuringiensissubsp. aizawai have been measured previously, and an even greater relative deficiency of the Cry1Da1 protoxin (ratio, 20:12:1) was found. In order to account for this deficiency, other steps which could be involved in inclusion formation, such as translation and packaging, were examined. The three cry genes have the same dual overlapping promoters, but the ribosome binding sequence for the cry1Da1 gene was not the consensus sequence. Translation was enhanced about fourfold by changing to the consensus sequence. In addition, the relative amount of Cry1Da1 protoxin in inclusions was twofold lower when cells were sporulated in Luria-Bertani (LB) medium than when cells were sporulated in a glucose-yeast extract medium. This difference was attributable to packaging since the relative amounts of Cry1Da1 antigen in cells sporulating in the two media were the same. Some factor(s) required for packaging of the Cry1Da1 protoxin in inclusions is apparently limiting in LB medium. Differences in the initial transcription rates, translation efficiencies, and packaging all contribute to the δ-endotoxin composition of an inclusion.

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Surfactant for Hyaline Membrane Disease

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.66.5.795 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 66 (5) ◽

pp. 795-798 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Tetsuro Fujiwara ◽

Forrest H. Adams

Keyword(s):

Premature Infants ◽

Lung Surfactant ◽

Hyaline Membrane Disease ◽

The Other ◽

Synthetic Surfactant ◽

Natural Surfactant ◽

Hyaline Membrane ◽

Dipalmitoyl Lecithin ◽

Air Intake ◽

Relative Deficiency

Since it has been demonstrated that hyaline membrane disease (HMD) is due to a relative deficiency of lung surfactant,1,2 one possible approach to the treatment or prevention of HMD in premature infants might be the introduction of surfactant into the lungs. Thus far, attempts at aerosolization of either synthetic surfactant (dipalmitoyl lecithin [DPL]) or natural surfactant into the lungs of patients or animals have failed to produce convincing benefits.3-5 On the other hand, direct instillation of a solution of natural surfactant into the trachea seems to produce striking results. Enhörning et al6 were the first to show that tracheal deposition of natural surfactant into premature rabbit fetuses before the first breath enhanced air intake and improved the pressure-volume relationships of the lungs; it also increased their survival time.7

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PHYSIOLOGIC HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA AND HEMOLYSIS OF ERYTHROCYTES BY HYDROGEN PEROXIDE SOLUTION IN THE NEWBORN: INVESTIGATION OF A POSSIBLE RELATIONSHIP

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.20.1.92 ◽

1957 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 92-97

Author(s):

Jo-Anne E. Richards ◽

Richard B. Goldbloom ◽

Ronald L. Denton

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Peroxide ◽

Statistical Analysis ◽

Vitamin E ◽

Clinical Significance ◽

Newborn Infant ◽

Newborn Infants ◽

Control Group ◽

Term Infants ◽

Mean Values ◽

Relative Deficiency

Forty-three full-term infants have been studied with respect to hemolysis of erythrocytes in solutions of hydrogen peroxide and concentrations of bilirubin in the serum. Mean values for concentration of bilirubin in the serum and percentage of hemolysis followed similar patterns in the first few days of life. However, statistical analysis of the data in individual cases showed no significant correlation between the degree of hemolysis in solutions of hydrogen peroxide and the concentrations of bilirubin in the serum. Administration of vitamin E prevented an increase in hemolysis of erythrocytes in solutions of hydrogen peroxide but failed to produce any significant change in concentrations of bilirubin as compared with the control group. The evidence suggests that the relative deficiency of vitamin E which exists in most newborn infants does not play a part in the causation or maintenance of physiologic hyperbilirubinemia. The clinical significance of increased hemolysis of the erythrocytes of the newborn infant in solutions of hydrogen peroxide remains a mystery. Possible approaches to the clarification of this problem are suggested.

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Superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase in developing rat brain

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bj2040535 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 204 (2) ◽

pp. 535-540 ◽

Cited By ~ 103

Author(s):

I Mavelli ◽

A Rigo ◽

R Federico ◽

M R Ciriolo ◽

G Rotilio

Keyword(s):

Superoxide Dismutase ◽

Glutathione Peroxidase ◽

Rat Brain ◽

Rat Hepatocytes ◽

Mitochondrial Fraction ◽

Cytoplasmic Fraction ◽

Mouse Ascites ◽

Enzyme Pattern ◽

Relative Deficiency ◽

The Brain

The specific activities of Cu, Zn- and Mn-superoxide dismutases, of glutathione peroxidase and of catalase, the enzymes considered to be specifically involved in the defence of the cell against the partially reduced forms of oxygen, were determined as the function of postnatal age in the early (up to 60 days) period of rat brain development. The enzymes were assayed in the cytoplasmic fraction, in the crude mitochondrial fraction including peroxisomes, and in the mitochondria. The results show that the temporal changes of these enzymes cannot be correlated with each other, thus indicating that they do not concertedly parallel the increasing activity of aerobic brain metabolism during development. Specifically the cytoplasmic fraction shows a gradual increase of the Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase activity with age, whereas the glutathione peroxidase activity is constant from birth. Furthermore the increase of the mitochondrial Mn-superoxide dismutase as a function of postnatal age is more remarkable than that of the cytoplasmic Cu, Zn-enzyme. Higher activities of catalase in adult animals are detectable only in the subcellular fraction containing peroxisomes, because of the modest catalase activity of the brain. These results indicate independent regulation of the expression of these enzyme activities in the process of brain differentiation and point to a relative deficiency of enzymic protection of the brain differentiation and point to a relative deficiency of enzymic protection of the brain against potentially toxic oxygen derivatives. This situation is similar to the pattern already described in the rat heart and in rat and mouse ascites-tumour cells, at variance with the much more efficient enzyme pattern present in rat hepatocytes.

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Bone Mineral Content in Renal Stone Former (RSF) Patients With Idiopathic Hypercalciuria

Urolithiasis 2 ◽

10.1007/978-1-4615-2556-1_23 ◽

1994 ◽

pp. 86-86

Author(s):

I. P. Heilberg ◽

L. A. Martini ◽

V. L. Szejnfeld ◽

A. B. Carvalho ◽

S. A. Draibe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bone Mineral Content ◽

Bone Mineral ◽

Mineral Content ◽

Renal Stone ◽

Idiopathic Hypercalciuria ◽

Stone Former

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Exaggerated Response of the Hyper-Oxaluric Stone Former to an Oxalate Load Test at Initial Metabolic Evaluation

Urolithiasis 2 ◽

10.1007/978-1-4615-2556-1_124 ◽

1994 ◽

pp. 355-357 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

P. S. Chandhoke ◽

R. Dunlay ◽

P. Stein ◽

J. Nitz ◽

K. A. Hruska

Keyword(s):

Load Test ◽

Metabolic Evaluation ◽

Stone Former

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Use of BUN and MUN as Guides for Protein and Energy Supplementation in Cattle

Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria ◽

10.21930/rcta.vol2_num2_art:171 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 44 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Andrew C. Hammond

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Dietary Protein ◽

Body Condition Score ◽

Beef Cows ◽

Weight Changes ◽

Protein Nitrogen ◽

Urea Nitrogen ◽

Nitrogen Concentrations ◽

Energy Supplementation ◽

Relative Deficiency

As an adjunct to monitoring body weight changes and body condition score, blood or milk urea nitrogen (BUN or MUN) can be a useful tool for monitoring the proteinenergy status of cattle. In healthy beef cows or finishing steers, urea nitrogen concentrations of less than about 7 mg/dL would indicate a deficiency of dietary protein (nitrogen) relative to the intake of digestible energy. In rapidly growing cattle or high producing dairy cows, urea nitrogen concentrations of less than about 15 mg/dL indicate a relative deficiency of dietary protein. Urea nitrogen concentrations of greater than 19 to 20 mg/dL have been associated with reduced conception and pregnancy rates in dairy cows. Uso de niveles de nitrógeno uréico en sangre (BUN) y leche (MUN) como guía para la suplementación protéica y energética en bovinosAdemás de las mediciones tradicionales de cambios en el peso y la condición corporal, los niveles de nitrógeno uréico en sangre (BUN) o en leche (MUN) pueden utilizarse como herramientas para estimar el estado de la nutrición energético-proteínica del ganado. En vacas y novillos sanos, las concentraciones de nitrógeno uréico por debajo de 7 mg/ dL indican deficiencias de proteína (nitrógeno) en la dieta con relación al consumo de energía digestible. En el ganado vacuno de rápido crecimiento o las vacas lecheras de alta producción, las concentraciones de nitrógeno uréico menores de 15 mg/ dL señalan una deficiencia relativa de proteína en la dieta. Las concentraciones de nitrógeno uréico mayores de 19 a 20 mg/dL, se han asociado con una reducción de las tasas de concepción y preñez en vacas lecheras.

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