scholarly journals The mucosal immune system and IgA nephropathy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loreto Gesualdo ◽  
Vincenzo Di Leo ◽  
Rosanna Coppo
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Mucosal Immunity ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Immunoglobulin A ◽  
Mucosal Immune Response ◽  
Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy ◽  
Food Antigen ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The precise pathogenesis of immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) is still not clearly established but emerging evidence confirms a pivotal role for mucosal immunity. This review focuses on the key role of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) in promoting the onset of the disease, underlying the relationship among microbiota, genetic factors, food antigen, infections, and mucosal immune response. Finally, we evaluate potential therapies targeting microbes and mucosa hyperresponsiveness in IgAN patients.

scholarly journals Secretory immunoglobulin A of the respiratory system and COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 792-798
Author(s):  
Nadezhda O. Kryukova ◽  
Ekaterina B. Rakunova ◽  
M. P. Kostinov ◽  
Irina A. Baranova ◽  
Oxana A. Svitich
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Mucosal Immunity ◽  
Immunoglobulin A ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Mucosal Immune Response ◽  
Secretory Iga ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Antibody Isotype ◽  
Treatment And Prevention

The main focus in the course of COVID-19 goes on assessing the overall immune response. The role of mucosal immunity in this disease has not been studied sufficiently.The study aimed to analyze published data about secretory IgA as a significant indicator of the mucosal immune response of the respiratory tract in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods. Articles were identified via PubMed bibliographic database. The time-span of research was two years (2020, 2021).Results. The search identified 54 articles. There is evidence that secretory IgA (sIgA) is the main antibody isotype of the mucosal immunity. It is produced in quantities significantly higher than those of all other isotypes of immunoglobulins combined. sIgA antibodies are effective against various pathogens, including the SARS-CoV-2 virus, due to mechanisms such as neutralization, suppression of adhesion to the mucosal surface and invasion of epithelial cells, agglutination and facilitating the removal of pathogenic microorganisms with the mucosal secretions. Virus-specific IgA antibodies in the blood serum are detected in patients with COVID-19 as early as two days after the first symptoms, while IgM or IgG class antibodies appear only after 5 days. We accessed the efficacy of intranasal immunization as to induction of predominant production of sIgA in the upper and lower respiratory tract.Conclusion. The current information on the local immune response of the respiratory mucosa is important for understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms of the disease, diagnosis, and development of new methods of treatment and prevention of COVID-19.

scholarly journals Role of the relationship between dyslipidemia and genetic factors in the development of atherosclerosis

2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (suppl 1) ◽  
pp. P708-P708
Author(s):  
S. Hata ◽  
M. Nakazato ◽  
T. Sekita ◽  
T. Maeda ◽  
T. Kanda
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Factors ◽  
The Relationship

Clinicopathological characteristics of primary immunoglobulin A nephropathy with immunoglobulin M deposition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Han Ouyang ◽  
Jian Wen ◽  
Kai Song ◽  
Huaying Shen
Keyword(s):  
Immunoglobulin A ◽  
Clinicopathological Characteristics ◽  
Immunoglobulin M ◽  
Endothelial Cell Proliferation ◽  
Negative Group ◽  
Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy ◽  
Positive Group ◽  
Renal Tubular ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Ig G

IntroductionImmunoglobulin (Ig) G deposition in patients with IgA nephro­pathy (IgAN) often indicates poor prognosis, but the relationship between IgM deposition and the clinicopathology of IgAN remains controversial. The purpose of this study is to further understand the relationship between IgM deposition and IgAN, so as to provide a basis for clinical evaluation and treatment.Material and methodsWe included a total of 839 IgAN patients from the nephropathy departments of 2 hospitals; there were 162 IgM-positive patients and 677 IgM-negative patients. Clinical and pathological data were retrospectively analysed. In addition, a multifaceted comparison was made between the IgM-positive group and the IgM-negative group.ResultsThe serum albumin and IgG levels of the IgM-positive group were lower than those of the IgM-negative group, and the levels of low-density lipo­protein, 24 h proteinuria, and IgM were higher than those of the IgM-nega­tive group. The proportion of endothelial cell proliferation (E1), segmental sclerosis or adhesion (S1), and renal tubular interstitial score in the IgM-posi­tive group were all higher than those in the IgM-negative group. Immunofluo­rescence results showed that the proportion of IgM-positive combination and IgG and C1q deposition was higher than that in the IgM-negative group.ConclusionsImmunoglobulin A nephropathy patients with IgM deposition have relatively poor clinical biochemical indicators, and the degree of renal pathological damage is also relatively serious.

scholarly journals Nutritional and Pharmacological Enhancement of the Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue

2000 ◽  
Vol 14 (suppl d) ◽  
pp. 145D-151D ◽  
Author(s):  
M Keith Hanna ◽  
Kenneth A Kudsk
Keyword(s):  
Enteral Nutrition ◽  
Mucosal Immunity ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Severely Injured Patients ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Improved Outcomes ◽  
Injured Patients ◽  
Lower Morbidity

There has been an explosion of research in the field of nutrition over the past quarter century. Clinical studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of providing nutrition by the enteral route in reducing septic morbidity in critically ill patients. These improved outcomes have been substantiated by animal models that show that enteral nutrition decreases gut permeability while maintaining the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) in mucosal immunity. Evidence points to the important immunological role of the gut in the maintenance of mucosal immunity at both intestinal and extraintestinal sites. The preservation of this mucosal immunity by enteral nutrition is consistent with the lower morbidity seen in severely injured patients who receive nutrition via the gastrointestinal tract. For patients who are unable to be fed by the enteral route and who require parenteral nutrition, several supplements show promise in enhancing the mucosal immune system defenses. The nutritional and pharmacological tactics that may enhance the GALT and thereby maintain mucosal immunity are examined.

scholarly journals Cellular and molecular changes and immune response in the intestinal mucosa during Trichinella spiralis early infection in rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
María Priscila Saracino ◽  
Cecilia Celeste Vila ◽  
Melina Cohen ◽  
María Virginia Gentilini ◽  
Guido Hernán Falduto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Lamina Propria ◽  
Trichinella Spiralis ◽  
Mucosal Immune Response ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽  
Muscle Larvae ◽  
Gut Immunity ◽  
Gut Mucosa

Abstract Background: The main targets of the host’s immune system in Trichinella spiralis infection are the adult worms (AW), at the gut level, and the migrant or newborn larvae (NBL), at systemic and pulmonary levels. Most of the studies carried out in the gut mucosa have been performed on the Payer’s patches and/or the mesenteric lymph nodes but not on the lamina propria, therefore, knowledge on the gut immune response against T. spiralis remains incomplete. Methods This study aimed at characterizing the early mucosal immune response against T. spiralis, particularly, the events taking place between 1 and 13 dpi. For this purpose, Wistar rats were orally infected with muscle larvae of T. spiralis and the humoral and cellular parameters of the gut immunity were analysed, including the evaluation of the ADCC mechanism exerted by lamina propria cells. Results A marked inflammation and structural alteration of the mucosa was found. The changes involved an increase in goblet cells, eosinophils and mast cells, and B and T lymphocytes, initially displaying a Th1 profile, characterised by the secretion of IFN-γ and IL-12, followed by a polarization towards a Th2 profile, with a marked increase in IgE, IgG1, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 levels, which occurred once the infection was established. In addition, the helminthotoxic activity of lamina propria cells demonstrated the role of the intestine as a place of migrant larvae destruction, indicating that not all the NBLs released in the gut will be able to reach the muscles. Conclusions The characterization of the immune response triggered in the gut mucosa during T. spiralis infection showed that not only an effector mechanism is directed toward the AW but also towards the NBL as a cytotoxic activity was observed against NBL exerted by lamina propria cells.

Aggregation of erythrocyte sodium/lithium countertransport activity in families of patients with immunoglobulin A nephropathy

1992 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Fabbri ◽  
R. Boero ◽  
E. Degli Esposti ◽  
C. Guarena ◽  
A. Lucatello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Iga Nephropathy ◽  
Poor Prognosis ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Immunoglobulin A ◽  
Mean Blood Pressure ◽  
Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Erythrocyte Sodium

1. We evaluated the inheritance of erythrocyte Na+/Li+ countertransport activity in IgA nephropathy by assessing this parameter in 19 patients with biopsy-proven IgA nephropathy and in their 53 relatives (32 parents and 21 siblings). The possible use of erythrocyte Na+/Li+ countertransport activity as a marker of poor prognosis was also evaluated. 2. A significant correlation was found between ‘familial’ and proband Na+/Li+ countertransport activity, but not between that of spouses. 3. Mean blood pressure, although within the normal range, and Na+/Li+ countertransport activity were significantly higher in patients with proteinuria than in those without proteinuria. 4. Parents of proteinuric patients had a higher Na+/Li+ countertransport activity than parents of non-proteinuric patients. 5. In IgA nephropathy the inheritance of erythrocyte Na+/Li+ countertransport activity was preserved. Therefore genetic factors could play a role in the non-immunological progression of IgA nephropathy.

scholarly journals Interplay of intestinal microbiota and mucosal immunity in inflammatory bowel disease: a relationship of frenemies

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 175628482093518
Author(s):  
Huimin Chen ◽  
Hongfen Li ◽  
Zhanju Liu
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Mucosal Immunity ◽  
Therapeutic Response ◽  
Mucosal Immune Response ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Novel Approaches ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Lines Of Evidence

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), including ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, are chronic inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. With in-depth studies on the mechanisms of the initiation and development of IBD, increasing lines of evidence have focused on the intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of IBD. The imbalance between the host and intestinal microbiota induces dysregulated immune response in intestinal mucosa and plays a pivotal role in the initiation of disease and ongoing bowel destruction. This review focuses on recent advances in intestinal microbiota regulation of mucosal immune response as well as novel approaches based on intestinal microbiota alterations in the diagnosis and evaluation of therapeutic response in IBD.

scholarly journals Thyroid Hormones and Functional Ovarian Reserve: Systemic vs. Peripheral Dysfunctions

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1679 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Colella ◽  
Danila Cuomo ◽  
Antonia Giacco ◽  
Massimo Mallardo ◽  
Mario De Felice ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Endocrine Disruptors ◽  
Ovarian Reserve ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Environmental Stressors ◽  
The Relationship

Thyroid hormones (THs) exert pleiotropic effects in different mammalian organs, including gonads. Genetic and non-genetic factors, such as ageing and environmental stressors (e.g., low-iodine intake, exposure to endocrine disruptors, etc.), can alter T4/T3 synthesis by the thyroid. In any case, peripheral T3, controlled by tissue-specific enzymes (deiodinases), receptors and transporters, ensures organ homeostasis. Conflicting reports suggest that both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, assessed by mean of circulating T4, T3 and Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH), could affect the functionality of the ovarian reserve determining infertility. The relationship between ovarian T3 level and functional ovarian reserve (FOR) is poorly understood despite that the modifications of local T3 metabolism and signalling have been associated with dysfunctions of several organs. Here, we will summarize the current knowledge on the role of TH signalling and its crosstalk with other pathways in controlling the physiological and premature ovarian ageing and, finally, in preserving FOR. We will consider separately the reports describing the effects of circulating and local THs on the ovarian health to elucidate their role in ovarian dysfunctions.

scholarly journals The Role of IgA in the Pathogenesis of IgA Nephropathy

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (24) ◽  
pp. 6199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Perše ◽  
Željka Večerić-Haler
Keyword(s):  
Iga Nephropathy ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Immunoglobulin A ◽  
Symbiotic Relationship ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Antibody Isotype ◽  
Microbial Invasion ◽  
Iga Antibodies ◽  
Interaction With Receptors

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is the most abundant antibody isotype produced in humans, predominantly present in the mucosal areas where its main functions are the neutralization of toxins, prevention of microbial invasion across the mucosal epithelial barrier, and simultaneous maintenance of a physiologically indispensable symbiotic relationship with commensal bacteria. The process of IgA biosynthesis, interaction with receptors, and clearance can be disrupted in certain pathologies, like IgA nephropathy, which is the most common form of glomerulonephritis worldwide. This review summarizes the latest findings in the complex characteristics of the molecular structure and biological functions of IgA antibodies, offering an in-depth overview of recent advances in the understanding of biochemical, immunologic, and genetic factors important in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy.

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